Southeast Asia 1400 C.E – 1800 C.E. World History B Mr. Cross 2009 – 2010

China: Ming Dynasty Expand empire into C. Asia and Vietnam Strengthened “Great Wall” to the north Government – Highly centralized bureaucracy Used officials who qualified through “Civil Service Exam” Established a national school system Renovated Grand Canal to accommodate shipping Shipping grain from south to population centers in north

China: Ming Dynasty Initially make contact w/ Portuguese in 1514 Chinese were not impressed with their dress, manners Eventually share ideas, technology and religion Jesuits, Confucian values/teachings, glasses, clocks Dynasty starts to crumble in late 16 th century Power struggles, weak rulers, loss of centralized power Corruption is widespread, raising tax rates Li Zicheng leads rebel forces against Ming Capture Beijing in 1644, Manchus take advantage

Ming Dynasty

Qing Dynasty

China: Qing Dynasty Manchus come from NW (Manchuria) Culturally and ethnically different from Chinese Adaptive style restored peace and prosperity Qing brought Chinese into govt. positions Roughly 80% of imperial positions were held by Chinese These were lower positions, higher positions reserved for Qing Sharing of power won the Qing popularity with the Chinese Kangxi (1666 – 1722) Greatest of Ming and Qing rulers Politically/militarily brilliant Known for his tolerance/acceptance of Christianity

Question? Why would it be a good idea for the Ming to incorporate Chinese officials into their government?

China: Qing Dynasty “Closed Door” Policy in effect since 1400s Close China off to all European influences Viewed Europeans as barbaric, uncivilized Allow minor trading w/ select Europeans Emperor Qianlong (1736 – 1793) Saw no need for European imports “There was therefore no need to import the manufactures of outside barbarians in exchange for our own produce”

Question? Why would the closed door policy be a good idea for Japan? How might the Qing’s view of Europeans influence their “closed door policy?”

China: Economy Population quadruples from 1400 – 1800 Led to shortages in land = revolts New improvements in technology = increase in food supply Manufacturing increases – silk, cotton, porcelain Trade increases between provinces/states Under firm control of the government No growth of “commercial capitalism” like in Europe Seen as inferior to farming Merchants/Artisans taxed more than farmers

Question? How is an increase in food production and peace/stability related to population increase? Why didn’t capitalism become popular in China as it had in Europe?

China: Society Family structure Based on Confucian ideals = filial piety Family members sacrificed individual needs for the overall benefit of the family as a whole 3 – 4 generations lived under the same roof Held elderly in high regard, cared for them in aging years Clan system linked up to hundreds of related families Role of women Only men received formal education/high ranking jobs Wives were subordinate to their husbands Women couldn’t inherit property or divorce Footbinding – remember the pictures?

Tokugawa Japan: Origins With no centralized power, Japan is in chaos/war between powerful Daimyo (lords) in 1500 Three Great Unifiers Oda Nobunaga Seized capital of Kyōto, put reigning Shogun under his control Toyotomi Hideyoshi Capital at Ōsaka, persuades Daimyo to accept his authority Tokugawa Ieyasu Moves capital to Edo (Modern day Tokyo) Completes restoration of centralized power/authority Begins the Tokugawa Shogunate, which lasts until 1868 This period becomes known as the “Great Peace”

Tokugawa Japan: Policies and Rule Relations with Europeans Like the Chinese, initially welcomed European traders In awe of inventions (tobacco, clocks, glasses) & weapons European Jesuits arrive and convert many Japanese Jesuits destroy Buddhist/Shinto shrines and are expelled European traders could only dock once a year, stay 2-3 months Tokugawa Feudalism Japan separated into 250 “hans,” controlled by Daimyo Shoguns controlled Daimyo through “Hostage System” Daimyo maintained two residences, one at home, one in Edo Daimyo’s family had to stay in Edo at the Imperial Court

Question? Why do you think that it is called the “hostage system?” How would the hostage system be beneficial to the shogun? Why would it keep local Daimyo loyal to the Shogun?

Tokugawa Japan: Social Structure Emperor Shogun Daimyo Peasant Farmers Artisans / Merchants Eta = outcasts Tokugawa Feudalism Code of Conduct: “Bushido” or “The way of the warrior” Samurai

Comparison to European Feudalism

Question? How does Japanese feudalism compare/contrast with European feudalism? Which social classes in Japan/Europe match up to each other?

Tokugawa Japan: Arts & Literature Kabuki Theatre Emphasized, action, music and entertainment Described worlds of Japanese teahouses/dance halls Women were not allowed on stage Men portrayed women Urban Fiction Comments on Japanese society Represents new set of cultural values instilled by Tokugawa Shogunate Five Women Who Loved Love Women of merchant class who search for love Poetry Still remained a serious form of literary expression

Korea Patterned society after Chinese Phonetic writing system unlike Chinese/Japanese Korea is invaded by Chinese and Japanese forces from 1400 – 1700 Devastates Korean farms, villages and population Adopt extreme isolationist policies towards foreign countries Earning them the name “The Hermit Kingdom” Eventually become a tributary state of China during Manchu rule