Chapter 13 Recovery and Rebirth: The Renaissance

Timeline

The Italian Renaissance

Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Renaissance = Rebirth " French for "rebirth," perfectly describes the intellectual and economic changes that occurred in Europe from the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries. Urban Society Age of Recovery Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture Emphasis on individual ability

The Making of Renaissance Society Economic Recovery Italian cities lose economic supremacy Hanseatic League created to protect economic interests and diplomatic privileges in the cities and countries and along the trade routes the merchants visited Manufacturing Textiles, printing, mining and metallurgy Banking Florence and the Medici Lorenzo de Medici

The Polish City of Gdansk An Important Member of the Hanseatic League

1. Trade and Commerce 2. Closeness to classical Roman and Greek artifacts, etc. 3. Closeness to Byzantine Empire – preservers of history in Dark Ages 4. Not effected by Feudalism 5. Bankers and wealthy patrons Why did the Renaissance begin in Italian city-states??

The Renaissance was a time of great economic changes bUT not an economic boom.

Governments of Northern Italian City- States

Political Situation between their city-states?

Very Competitive

The Birth of Modern Diplomacy Modern diplomacy a product of Renaissance Italy Changing concept of the ambassador Resident ambassadors Agents of the territorial state

1494 French army under King Charles VIII took Florence, Rome and Milan. Alliance forced French out Cousin King Louis XII formed League of Cambria with Pope, HRE to take Venice’s land New alliance formed by Pope with Spain and HRE to kick out France again Attacks by foreign armies!

Habsburgs v Valois Wars

The birth of the Renaissance

“He combined interest in classical culture and Christianity and left deep influence on literature throughout Western Europe. A prolific correspondent, he wrote many important letters, and his critical spirit made him a founder of Renaissance humanism.” Petrarch: Why the father of Renaissance Humanism??

Laura: Petrarch wrote 366 enduring sonnets to her over a decade Petrarch – Father of Humanism Father of Humanism

The Great ISMs of the Renaissance

Individualism New attitude toward men, women and the world. Stressed individual genius, personality, uniqueness, and talents.

Middle Ages discouraged self-absorption. Middle Ages stressed Christian humility and limited recognition of the uniqueness of the individual How was this different from the Middle Ages?

 Greco-Roman past  Secularism  Individualism  Dignity of Man  Emphasis on education  Love of Beauty What did Humanists stress?

 Taught scholars to read closely and carefully.  Opened new fields of study other than church and theology*.  Classical theology replace by classical literature as major subject.  Improved knowledge of the vernacular*.  Shaped the path of modern universities.  Purpose of literature changed – no longer just about religion BUT also to deal with general questions, to examine the state of man, and to amuse and entertain. Humanism Influences on Learning and Education

Secularism Based on the material world NOT the spiritual with attention to the here and now!

 Medici family: Ruling family of Florence : BANKING  Church and Popes: Pope Julius II  Florentine wool/cloth merchants  Oligarchs, despots and their governments  Strozzi and Sforza family Who were the Great Patrons of Renaissance art?

Changes in the Renaissance Are you a Renaissance Man?  Are you excellent in all things?  Do you define the age?  Are you musical, literary, a fine swordsman  Can you appreciate the opposite sex? Are you a Renaissance Woman?  Are you submissive to your husband?  Can you bear many sons?  Can you run the domain while your husband is away?  Can you live past 40?

Social Changes in the Renaissance The Nobility Reconstruction of the aristocracy Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529) The Book of the Courtier (1528) Train, discipline, and fashion the young man into the courtly ideal of a gentleman Service to the prince

Social Change cont…. Well-to-do girls received an education similar to boys The classics (learned Latin and Greek) A real educational advance for women Prepared for social life in the home Laura Cereta- humanist Husband/family or education?

Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy The Role of Women Status of upper-class women declined Women focus was on domestic duties Husbands and Wives Arranged Marriages Husband head of household Wife managed household Children Sex was for marriage Except for husbands

Family and Marriage cont… Rape not a real serious crime Punishment = fine or 6 months in jail Laws against homosexuality Office of the Night Root out sodomy (sexual act between same sex)

Education, History, and the Impact of Printing Education in the Renaissance Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music Education of women Aim of education was to create a complete citizen Humanism and History Secularization Guicciardini (1483 – 1540), History of Italy, History of Florence The Impact of Printing Johannes Gutenberg Movable type (1445 – 1450) Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456) The spread of printing Johannes Gutenberg

Peasants and Townspeople Peasants Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population Decline of manorial system and serfdom Urban Society Patricians Petty burglars, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and guildsmen The poor and unemployed Slaves

Machiavelli and the New Statecraft Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527) The Prince Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power “It is much more safe to be feared than to be loved” Cesare Borgia Cardinal, but quit to run part of the Papal State Machiavelli

The Church in the Renaissance The Problems of Heresy and Reform John Wycliff (c – 1384) and Lollardy John Hus (1374 – 1415) Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy Burned at the stake (1415) Church Councils - Sacrosancta & Frequens The Papacy Execrabilis The Renaissance Papacy Julius II (1503 – 1513) “Warrior Pope” Nepotism Patrons of Culture Leo X (1513 – 1521) Pope Leo X John Hus

The European State in the Renaissance The Renaissance State in Western Europe France Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483)  Webs of lies and conspiracies England War of the Roses Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509) Spain Unification of Castile and Aragón Establishment of professional royal army Religious uniformity The Inquisition Conquest of Granada Expulsion of the Jews Louis XI of France

Map 13.2: Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century

Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire Habsburg Dynasty Maximilian I (1493 – 1519) The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe Poland Hungary Russia The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453) Maximilian I

Map 13.4: The Ottoman Empire and Southeastern Europe

Art in the Early Renaissance Movement and Anatomical Structure Paolo Uccelo (1397 – 1475) The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian Sandro Botticelli (1445 – 1510) Primavera Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466) David Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) The Cathedral of Florernce Church of San Lorenzo Donatello’s David

Masaccio, Tribute Money

Sandro Botticelli - Primavera

The Artistic High Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) Last Supper Raphael (1483 – 1520) School of Athens Michelangelo (1475 – 1564) The Sistine Chapel Michelangelo’s David

Raphael, School of Athens

The Artist and Social Status Early Renaissance Artists as craftsmen High Renaissance Artists as heroes

The Northern Artistic Renaissance Jan van Eyck (c – 1441) Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528) Adoration of the Magi