Unit Six: Cities and Urban Land Use Reid Carter, Alli Revers, and Hannah Stuecker

Key Terms Urban- the built up space of the central city and suburbs Includes the surrounding environment connected to the city Suburbs/suburban realm- the surrounding environment connected to the city Urbanization- movement of people to cities City- an agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics

Hearths of Urbanization Before cities there were agricultural villages Agricultural village- a village where everyone is involved with agriculture and produce only enough to get by Two components enabled cities to stabilize and grow: agricultural surplus social stratification After this came the Leadership class The leadership class- consisted of a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources Cities came out of agricultural villages

Hearths of Urbanization The first urban revolution occurred independently in six separate hearths This is an example of independent invention The first hearth of agriculture is the Fertile Crescent There is evidence of cities dating to about 3500 BCE Also called Mesopotamia Leadership class had huge palaces Established a priest-king class and developed a religious and political ideology to support the priest- kings Mud wall surrounded the city Ordinary citizens lived in mud walled houses

Hearths of Urbanization The second urban hearth of urbanization is the Nile River Valley Dates back to 3200 BCE Distinguished by its irrigation systems Created great feats of architecture such as the great pyramids, tombs, and the sphinx.

Hearths of Urbanization The third urban hearth is the Indus River Valley Dates back to 2200 BCE Had a leadership class All of the houses were almost equal in size No monuments or palaces the discovery of coins from as far away as the Mediterranean suggests trade over long distances.

Hearths of Urbanization The fourth urban hearth arose in the Huang He (Yellow) and Wei (Yangtzi) Valleys Dates back to 1500 BCE Had an inner wall for temples, palaces, and the leadership class demonstrated their power by building elaborate buildings such as the Great Wall of China and the mausoleum

Hearths of Urbanization The fifth urban hearth is Mesoamerica Dates back to 1100 BCE The cities were religious centers Home to the Olmec and the Maya The sixth urban hearth was Peru Dates back to 900 BCE The largest settlement, Chavín, was 10,530 feet high in the Andean highlands.

Greek Cities Not an Urban hearth because agriculture and urbanization diffused to Greece from Mesopotamia, rather than being independently innovated in Greece. More of a secondary hearth. By 500 BCE, Greece had become the most urbanized areas on Earth. Had more than 500 cities and towns, Athens was the largest city. Greece was a hilly place so there were acropolis, which are high point cities, which had impressive structures there like the religious buildings Cities were open, spacious squares, in low parts of town, also grew to have agora/markets Since Greece was a secondary urban hearth, it had a Global impact, especially on the Roman Empire.

Roman Cities Their empire incorporated the Mediterranean shores and a large part of interior Europe and North Africa Much larger than Greece’s domain Rome was the apex of hierarchy of settlements ranging from small villages to large cities. Most places were chose for their absolute location or advantages in trade, religion or defense. Buildings were built with a purpose, each building had a job Cities were places of cultural contrasts Shows great achievements but also the worst failings of civilization

Site and Situation Site- absolute location, often chosen for the best trade location, defensive location, or location because of religious significance Like Louisville on the Ohio River Situation- relative location of a place; its place in the region and in the world around it Like Louisville’s situation becoming very prominent during the Derby

The Second Urban Revolution Began in the eighteenth century with the Industrial Revolution Which brought farmers into the cities They had to adapt quickly in order to survive in the new urban environment, but many weren’t able to

The Second Agricultural Revolution Had to happen so the second Urban Revolution could occur Europeans invented a series of important improvements in agriculture, including the seed drill, hybrid seeds, and improved breeding practices for livestock. Also improved organization of production, collaboration, and storage capacities Many industrial cities came from smaller cities

Rank-size Rule Rank-size rule- holds that in a model urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy If the largest city has 12 people, the second largest will have 6, the third largest will have 4, and the fourth largest will have 3 The rank-size rule does not apply to every country especially countries with a primate city Primate Citiy- A city that is much larger than the other cities in that country

Central Place Theory Central Place Theory- an attempt to predict how and where central places would be functionally and spatially distributed Created by Walter Christaller Based on a set of five assumptions: Flat land Equal soil fertility Population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed Uniform transportation network available From any place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance

Central Place Theory Stated that large cities would provide more functions and have a wider service area than smaller cities For example: a small city would have a doughnut shop, but people wouldn’t travel for miles to get to this doughnut shop. A large city would have a hospital, and people would travel long distances for a good hospital

Borchert’s Model of Urban Evolution Made up of 4 classifications of cities defined by what transportation technology dominated when the growth hit Stage 1/The Wagon Wheel Era: Mostly near ports and waterways for transportation Stage 2/Iron Horse Cities: Were born and grew around rivers and canals during early industrial years when the railroad and steamboats were rapidly spreading Stage 3/Steel-rail Epoch: Industrial revolution Because of the steel industry, these cities blossomed Prevalent around the Great Lakes Stage 4: 1920’s Car and air travel Spread of suburbs and maze of road networks

Central Business District (CBD) The central business district is a concentration of business and commerce in the city’s downtown The CBD is marked by: high land values a concentration of business and commerce a clustering of the tallest buildings

Models of the City functional zonation- the division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions) Zone- term to describe what happens in a certain area of a city central city- the urban area that is not suburban Suburbanization- the process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment b e come urbanized, as people and businesses from the city move to these spaces

Concentric Zone Model Developed in 1920’s by E.W. Burgess States land growth/use can be defined with concentric rings As a city grows, new rings are added and older rings change their function Assumes that new arrivals usually to move to the inner rings and the wealth is pushed outside of the city The CBD has the highest real-estate prices and the most competition for land

Sector Model Developed in 1930’s by Homer Hoyt Based on the idea that the zones were based on linear features like (i.e. roads, canals, railroads) States that factories and industrial activities follow rail lines, lower socioeconomic housing follows public transportation lines and service sectors are located along major highways

Multiple-Nuclei Model Developed by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman when the concentric and sector models lost their effectiveness Implies the growth of cities occurs independently around separate focal points (airports universities highways and ports) Lessens the importance of CBD and creates more suburban feel of modern cities When this model was created, the suburbs were growing rapidly and became functionally independent from the CDB and became edge cities

Urban Realms Model Developed in 1970’s Was created because cars were becoming a common item in every household Tried to explain suburban regions that were tied to downtowns with relative independence from CBD’s Within the separate “realms” people’s daily lives occurred in a set activity space Occurred because people wanted to leave the city and didn’t want to work there Also occurred because people now have the technology to allow people to work from home

Southeast Asian McGee Model The McGee Model is seen mostly in average sized cities in Southeast Asia Made up of sectors and zones No formal CBD, but elements of a CBD are present throughout the city in separate clusters surrounding the colonial Port

McGee Model

Latin American Griffin-Ford Model In 1980, geographers studied Latin American cities and created the Griffin-Ford model It combines concentric sectors and sector zones and is anchored by the CBD The economy is better the closer you are to the central city

African City Model African cities were first colonized by Europeans and the European imprint is still visible Seen in port cities, high-rise CBDs, and high-income suburbs African cities are very diverse from one another so it is hard to make a model for them Consists of three CBD’s, a remnant of the colonial CBD, a market zone, and a business district

Core and Periphery Part of the three-tiered structure of the world economy core, periphery, and semi-periphery Core cities have higher levels of education, higher salaries, better jobs available, more technology (they generate more wealth) Periphery cities have low levels of education, low salaries, and barely any technology Semi-periphery has both core and periphery functions Serves as a transition from periphery to core

Blockbusting Blockbusting- rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents create the fear of neighborhood decline They do this by encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods This promoted land owners to sell their properties at low prices to get out of the neighborhood quickly The real estate agents then profit through the turnover of properties

Redlining Redlining- A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods This practice got its name from the red lines on maps used by real estate agents and developers Today redlining is illegal. Occurred in the 1960’s

Citation Fouberg, Erin H. ( ). Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture, 10th Edition. Wiley. Kindle Edition.