CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom 9AP WORLD HISTORY

Learning objectives for Chapter 16 Discuss the development of the early Byzantine empire. Explain the effects of the Muslim conquests on the Byzantine empire. Explain the rise of the Franks. Explain the factors that contributed to the success of the Vikings in toppling the Carolingian empire. Compare and contrast the economies of Byzantium and western Europe.

Learning objectives for Chapter 16 Compare and contrast social development in Byzantium and western Europe. Compare and contrast the ways in which popes and patriarchs exercised their political power. Identify the role of monks, monasteries, and missionaries in Christianity. Discuss the factors that led to the schism between the two worlds of Christendom and the paths followed by the two churches.

CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Medieval Christendom Two halves Byzantine empire Germanic states Inherited Christianity from Roman empire After eighth century, tensions between two halves ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 9AP WORLD HISTORY 4

Successor States to the Roman Empire, ca. 600 C.E. CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Successor States to the Roman Empire, ca. 600 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 9AP WORLD HISTORY 5

The Early Byzantine Empire Capital: Byzantium On the Bosporus Strait  the “Golden Horn” Commercial, strategic value of location 340 CE: Constantine names capital after himself (Constantinople), moves capital there 1453: Constantinople falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul (Turkey)

The Later Roman Empire and Byzantium Byzantine Empire inherits Roman Empire after fall of Rome in 5th c. CE Eastern territories remain major power until 13th c. CE

The Later Roman Empire Roman infrastructure in place Roads, institutional hierarchies Challenges from strong Persian empire (Sasanid dynasty, 226-641 CE) Invasions of Germanic peoples

Caesaropapism Power centralized in figure of Emperor Christian leader cannot claim divinity, rather divine authority (divine right)  rules based on “God’s wishes” Political rule (secular rule) Involved in religious rule as well (leader of church) Authority absolute

The Byzantine Court Etiquette reinforces authority of Emperor Royal purple Prostration Mechanical devices designed to inspire awe

Justinian (527-565 CE) The “sleepless emperor” Wife Theodora as advisor Background: circus performer Uses army to contain tax riots, ambitious construction program Hagia Sophia: great church built for Byzantine followers JUSTINIAN CODE: Law code definitive for centuries

The Rule of Justinian

Byzantine Conquests General Belisarius recaptures much of western Roman Empire under Justinian Unable to consolidate control of territories Withdrew to defend empire from Sasanids, Slavs Abandoned Rome  city of Ravenna remained as Byzantine administrative center

The Byzantine empire and its neighbors, 527-554 C.E.

Islamic Conquests and Byzantine Revival 7th century: Arab Muslim expansion Besieged Byzantium 674-678, 717- 718 Defense made possible through use of “greek fire” (incendiary weapon launched at enemy forces)

Theme System and Imperial Organization Themes (provinces) under control of generals Military administration of government Control from central imperial government Soldiers from peasant class, rewarded with land grants

The Germanic Successor States, c. 500 CE 476 CE: Last Roman emperor deposed by Germanic Odoacer Administrative apparatus still in place, but cities lose population Germanic successor states: Spain: Visigoths Italy: Ostrogoths Gaul: Burgundians, Franks Britain: Angles, Saxons 17

Successor States to the Roman Empire c. 500 18

The Franks Heavy influence on European development Strong agricultural base Shifts center of economic gravity to Europe Firm alliance with western Christian church 19

Clovis (ruled 481-511) Major Frankish leader Destroyed last vestiges of Roman rule in Gaul Dominated other Germanic peoples Franks establish themselves as preeminent Germanic people 20

Clovis’ Conversion to Christianity Paganism, Arian Christianity popular among Franks Clovis and army chooses Roman Catholicism Influence of wife Clotilda Political implications  alliance with western church 21

The Carolingians Charles “The Hammer” Martel begins Carolingian dynasty 732: Defeats Spanish Muslims at Battle of Tours Halts Islamic advance into western Europe End of spread of Islamic world into Europe 22

The Carolingian Empire 23

Charlemagne (r. 768-814) Grandson of Charles Martel Centralized imperial rule Functional illiterate, but sponsored extensive scholarship Major military achievements 24

Charlemagne’s Administration Capital at Aachen, Germany Yet constant travel throughout empire Imperial officials: missi dominici (“envoys of the lord ruler”) Continued yearly circuit travel 25

Charlemagne as Emperor Hesitated to challenge Byzantines by taking title “emperor” Yet ruled in fact if not by title Pope Leo III crowns him as emperor in 800 Planned in advance? Challenge to Byzantium 26

Louis the Pious (r. 814-840) Son of Charlemagne Lost control of courts, local authorities Civil war erupts between three sons Empire divided in 843 among sons (Treaty of Verdun) 27

Invasions South: Muslims East: Magyars North: Vikings Norse expansion begins c. 800 CE Driven by population pressure, hostility to spread of Christianity Superior seafaring technology Sailed to eastern Canada, northeastern US 28

CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom The Vikings From village of Vik, Norway (hence “Viking”) Boats with shallow drafts, capable of river travel as well as on open seas Attacked villages, cities, monasteries from ninth century Constantinople sacked three times Carolingians had no navy, dependent on local defenses ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29 9AP WORLD HISTORY 29

The Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire (843 C. E The Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire (843 C.E.) and the Invasions of Early Medieval Europe in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries 30

Tensions with Western Europe Church Byzantine: Greek language emphasized; Roman: Latin language spoken Conflicts over hierarchical control of church Fealty (faithfulness, allegiance) of Germanic peoples to Rome Roman pope crowns Charlemagne in 800, a challenge to Byzantine authority

Economy in Medieval Christendom CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Economy in Medieval Christendom Byzantium – “economic powerhouse” Agricultural surplus Long-distance trade Western Christendom Repeated invasions contribute to agricultural decline Tenth century: increased political stability leads to economic recovery ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32 9AP WORLD HISTORY 32

Byzantine Economy and Society 5th-13th c.: Constantinople became largest city in Europe Dependent on small landholders, free peasants Earlier large landholdings destroyed by invasions in 6th-7th centuries Theme system rewards soldiers with land grants

Decline of the Free Peasantry Large landholdings on the increase Reduces tax revenues, recruits to military Last three centuries indicate steady decline of economy

Manufacturing and Trade in Byzantium Trade routes bring key technologies, e.g. silk industry Advantage of location causes crafts and industry to expand after 6th century Tax revenues from silk route Banking services develop

Manufacturing and Trade in Western Europe CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Manufacturing and Trade in Western Europe Invasions and political turmoil disrupt commercial activities Agricultural innovations Heavy plow; water mills; special horse collar Small scale exchange, maritime trade in Mediterranean ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 36 9AP WORLD HISTORY 36

Norse Merchant Mariners CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Norse Merchant Mariners Commerce or plunder as convenient Link with the Islamic world for trade ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 37 9AP WORLD HISTORY 37

Urban Life: Byzantium Living conditions varied by social class Aristocrats  palaces Artisans  apartments Working poor  communal living spaces Hippodrome Chariot races, “greens vs. blues” Politically inspired rioting

Western Europe: Rural Society CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Western Europe: Rural Society Concept of feudalism Lords and vassals Increasingly inadequate model for describing complex society Ad hoc arrangements (“make it up as you go along”) in absence of strong central authorities ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 39 9AP WORLD HISTORY 39

Organizing in a Decentralized Society CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Organizing in a Decentralized Society Local nobles take over administration from weak central government Nominal allegiances, especially to Carolingian kings But increasing independence ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 40 9AP WORLD HISTORY 40

CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Lords and Retainers Formation of small private armies Incentives: land grants, income from mills, cash payments Formation of hereditary class of military retainers Development of other functions Justice, social welfare ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 41 9AP WORLD HISTORY 41

Peasants’ Rights and Obligations CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Peasants’ Rights and Obligations Obligation to provide labor, payments in kind to lord Unable to move from land Fees charged for marrying serfs of another lord ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 42 9AP WORLD HISTORY 42

Population Growth in Christendom CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Population Growth in Christendom During fifth and sixth century, population fluctuations By eighth century, demographic recovery Political stability Productive agriculture ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 43 9AP WORLD HISTORY 43

Evolution of Christian Societies CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Evolution of Christian Societies Christianity main source of religious, moral, and cultural authority Two halves disagree on doctrine, ritual, and church authority By mid-eleventh century, two rival communities Eastern Orthodox Roman Catholic ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 44 9AP WORLD HISTORY 44

CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Pope Gregory I (590-604 C.E.) “Gregory the Great” Asserted papal primacy: Pope would be chief determiner of political power in Europe Prominent theologian Sacrament of penance ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 45 9AP WORLD HISTORY 45

Orthodox Christianity Legacy of Classical Greece Greek replaces Latin after 6th c. CE; language of New Testament Byzantine education sponsors development of large literate class for state bureaucracy Training in classical canon law (religious law)

The Byzantine Church Church and state closely aligned 325: Council of Nicaea bans Arian movement Human/divine nature of Jesus Constantine favors Arians, but supports Nicaean condemnation Byzantine Emperors appoint Patriarchs Caesaropapism creates dissent (disagreement) in church

Iconoclasm Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741 CE)  Leo the Isaurian (Syrian) Restored stability to Byzantine Empire ICONOCLASM: Destruction of cultural relics by new leader  target: Christianity

Iconoclasm Destruction of icons after 726 Popular protest, rioting 730: Practice condemned by Pope Gregory III Policy abandoned by 843

Greek Philosophy and Byzantine Theology Attempt to reconcile Greek philosophy with Judeo- Christianity Constantine established school to apply philosophical methods to religious questions

Ascetism Hermit-like existence Celibacy Fasting Prayer St. Simeon Stylite  leader of the “pillar saints” Lived atop pillar for years

St. Basil (329-379 C.E.) and St. Benedict (480-547 C.E.) CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom St. Basil (329-379 C.E.) and St. Benedict (480-547 C.E.) Both established consistent rule for monasteries  BENEDICTINE RULE Poverty Chastity Obedience St. Scholastica (482-543 C.E.) Sister of St. Benedict Adapts Benedictine Rule for convents ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 52 9AP WORLD HISTORY 52

Monasticism and Society CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Monasticism and Society Social welfare projects Inns, orphanages, hospitals Agents in spread of Christianity Missionaries – Christian cultural zone in western part of Eurasian continent England Northern Germany; Scandinavia ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 53 9AP WORLD HISTORY 53

Influence on Slavic Cultures CHAPTER 16: The Two Worlds of Christendom Influence on Slavic Cultures Saints Cyril and Methodius Missions in Bulgaria and Moravia Create Cyrillic alphabet Slavic lands develop orientation to Byzantium Prince Vladimir of Kiev converts ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 54 9AP WORLD HISTORY 54

Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity Ritual disputes Beards on clergy Leavened bread for Mass Theological disputes Iconoclasm Nature of the Trinity

Great Schism of 1054 Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdiction of church sects (factions) Autonomy of Patriarchs, or Primacy of Rome (Pope)? 1054: Patriarch of Constantinople and Pope of Rome mutually excommunicate each other EAST: Orthodox Church WEST: Roman Catholic Church