Criminology Unit 6 Crime and Punishment

2 Basic Objectives 1._________________________? 2._________________________? *What is the purpose of punishment? *What rights should be provided to victims of crimes as well as convicted felons? *What is Due Process and how should it be applied? *Should punishment fit the crime or the person? *What is cruel and unusual punishment?

5 Philosophies of Punishment _________________ –Education _________________ –Punishment to “scare” from future crime _________________ –Lock-up and remove from society Retribution –Pay back to society Treatment –Psychological and physiological causes Throughout U.S. history, examples can be found of each –Many times philosophies based upon events

Criminal Justice System Police, Courts and Corrections Courts designed as ____________________ –______________ versus ______________ –Burden of proof falls on _________________ –Guilt beyond _________________________ _________ Guilt versus __________ Guilt –Factual: ________________________________ –Legal: _________________________________ Courts designed with _______________________ –____________ Jurisdiction versus ____________ Rights of accused maintained throughout justice system Amendments protecting civil liberties –4 th, 5 th, 6 th, 8 th and 14 th

Amendments and Rights in the Justice System 4 th Amendment –________________________________________ 5 th Amendment –________________________________________ 6 th Amendment –________________________________________ 8 th Amendment –________________________________________ 14 th Amendment –________________________________________

Rights in the Justice System ________ Rights and ________ Rights –Much of the reform in both areas occurred in _______________ Victim Rights –__________________________________ Inmate Rights –__________________________________ No right to bear arms –Examples: Right to Disciplinary Hearings, Religious, Speech, Legal Assistance, Medical and Protection

History of Punishment __________________: 1750 B.C. –One of earliest known legal codes Many forms of early punishments carried _________________________ Law of Retaliation –“Eye for an Eye” Many forms of early punishments today would be considered cruel and unusual

Forms of Punishment ________________________ –Common in biblical times and Europe –Brought to Colonies –Last officially sanctioned in Delaware in 1952 –Michael Fay: American student in Singapore in 1994 ____________________________ –Difficult to commit further crime and form or record keeping Amputate hand of thief, pluck eyes of spies, castration ____________________________ –Lesser form of mutilation (still a form of record keeping) –Different marks for different crimes –1 st offense branding on hand; 2 nd on forehead ____________________________ –Usually in public square –Punishment by community –Stocks and Pillory –Bringing back today with shoplifters, DWI and Prostitution ____________________________ –Originally established for minor criminals or those in debt –Teach work skills –Early form of Prison ____________________________ –Removal from land –Examples throughout history

Development of Prison System _________________________________________________ _______________________ Emergence in U.S. in late _____’s –Some examples from World History in 1400’s Influence of _______________ in Colonies –Idea of _________________ Make amends with society and accept responsibility Annual budget of incarceration in U.S. is $___ billion –Inmate health care over $__ billion –Spending on incarceration has tripled since 1980 –Approximately $____ for each U.S. resident per year Overall rate for violent and property crimes has declined by ___ percent Incarceration rate of ____ inmates per 100,000 residents –Compared to other major countries around 115 per 100,000 Mandatory sentencing and repeat-offender laws

Capital Punishment Government ordered taking of another life Many early forms were _______________ –Fear of demons (execution from a distance) ________ most associate with England in 1200’s –“Long-drop” and “Short-drop” ___________________ with swords or axes Role of the ______________ in executions ______________ famous with _________ –Developed machine used by others –Also used by Nazis –Last public execution: 1939 ; overall: 1977

Further Examples ____________________ –Developed in ___________ in 1890 ___________________ –First used in _______________ –Association with Nazi’s use of poisonous gas leads to negative feelings –Extremely costly and dangerous ______________________ –Most common method used in U.S. today –___ states and Federal government

History of Death Penalty Earliest known executions _________________________ (1608) –Executed in Jamestown –Convicted of being a spy for Spain _________________________ (1622) –Virginia governor enacts the Divine, Moral and Martial Laws in 1612 Execution for stealing grapes, killing chickens, or trading with Natives –Executed in Virginia for theft Estimated today _____________ executions –Not officially recorded until 1930 Most executions in single year: __________

Supreme Court Cases and the Death Penalty 1972: ______________________ –Court rules violation of 8th and 14th Amendments 1976: Death penalty is reinstated and left to the states –3 separate Supreme Court cases –__________________________ March, 2005: _________________ –Supreme Court changes ruling identifying that individual’s under the age of 18 at time of offense cannot be executed Based on earlier ruling of Atkins vs. Virginia determining mentally challenged cannot be executed as well

Death Penalty Today Currently “__” states, Federal government and U.S. military have the legislation to currently authorize sentence of death –__ states have provisions for current death sentence with 1 state still having individuals on death row –Both Pennsylvania and California have halted executions ____________ is the primary method in all states that have Capital Punishment All other methods have lethal injection as primary method –8 use the _____________ –3 have the _____________ –3 allow for ____________ –2 permit the ___________

Recent Execution Statistics ___ people executed so far in 2014 –As of Sept. 19, 2014 Since 1976, _________ has had 517 of 1,389 executions total –___ in 2013 –___ in 2012 –___ in 2011 –___ in 2010 Death Row Inmates by Race –Approximate ratio 43% White 42% African-American 13% Hispanic 2% other 3,054 prisoners on death row –___________________: 743

Recent Execution Statistics ___ people executed in 2014 ___ people executed in 2015 through July 21 Since 1976, _______ has had 527 of 1,412 executions total –39 in 2013 –43 in 2012 –43 in 2011 –46 in 2010 Death Row Inmates by Race –Approximate ratio 43% White 42% African-American 13% Hispanic 2% other 3,054 prisoners on death row –______________: 746 Excess cost of $____ million a year maintaining death row population California has carried out __ executions total in past __ years

Race and the Death Penalty About 80% of those executed killed a white person although statistics say that only 50% of murder victims are white North Carolina Study –Out of 35 African Americans that kill Caucasians, 15 sentenced to death –73 Caucasians charged with killing African Americans, 11 were executed Recent study of interracial murders identifying persons Executed –White defendant and black victim (15) –Black defendant and white victim (246)

Minnesota and the Death Penalty Last execution took place in ______ –_____________________ convicted of ___________________ Friend and friend’s mother –Hanging took place at Ramsey County Jail Miscalculated slack of rope –Williams died after __ minutes from strangulation Minnesota abolishes death penalty in 1911