U.S. History Test Review Power Point Chapters 18, 19, and 20 Civil Rights, 1960’s and Vietnam

Brown v. Board of Education 1954 Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson Integrated Schools Pres. Eisenhower used the national guard to force Little Rock schools to comply

Montgomery Bus Boycott When Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat to a white person on a city bus Martin Luther King led the Montgomery Bus Boycott. African Americans refused to ride the busses which cost the bus companies money. After about a year this nonviolent protest was successful and the Montgomery busses were integrated.

After the Supreme Court declared all segregation on busses that crossed state lines was illegal, the Freedom Riders put that to the test by riding busses into the south. They were met with violence in the South when they refused to be segregated on the busses and bus terminals.

Violent reactions to non-violent Civil rights protests shown on TV disturbed Americans and the world.

The March on Washington in Aug is where MLK gave his “I Have a Dream” Speech. The purpose of the march was to put pressure on Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which when passed ended all segregation in public places throughout the U.S.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended all literacy tests requirements to vote throughout the U.S.

De jure segregation is segregation by law. It CAN be changed by changing laws. De facto segregation is segregation by fact. It CANNOT be changed by changing laws.

New Amendments to the Constitution to remember: 22 nd Amendment: ratified in 1951, it limits the amount of time a person can serve as president. No one can serve more than a total of 2 terms with a maximum of 10 years. THIS WAS PASSED AFTER THE FDR ADMINISTRATION. 24 th Amendment: ratified in 1964, prohibited poll taxes to vote, THIS WAS PASSED DUE TO THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. 25 th Amendment: ratified in 1967, officially establishes a line of succession for the presidency if the president dies or becomes incapacitated. THIS WAS PASSED AFTER THE JFK ASSASSINATION.

The Presidential Debate JFK won the first televised presidential election in 1960 which may have caused him to ultimately win the election of 1960.

JFK received a lot of criticism for ok’ing the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba. It involved the U.S. aiding the invasion of Cuba by anti-castro Cubans in order to overthrow Castro. It failed.

The Berlin Wall was built during the JFK administration to prevent eastern Germans and other Eastern Europeans from escaping to the west via West Berlin.

When the U.S. discovered the USSR was installing nuclear missiles in Cuba, which would put the US in danger of nuclear attack without warning, JFK blockaded the island of Cuba to prevent the Soviets from bringing in the materials needed to complete the missile sites. After a 2-week standoff which almost resulted in a nuclear war, the USSR removed the missiles.

Great Society Programs Civil Rights War on poverty Education Medicaid/Medicare After JFK was assassinated Lyndon Johnson became the president and won his own election in LBJ wanted to end poverty and racism in America. His program to do this was called THE GREAT SOCIETY.

The Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren was known for its decisions supporting civil rights. Some major cases included: Brown v. Board of Education: desegregation of schools Gideon v. Wainwright: defendants accused of felonies must be provided with counsel Escobedo v. Illinois: defendants can receive counsel before being questioned Miranda v. Arizona: defendants must be informed of these rights.

After World War II the U.S. began to follow a policy of CONTAINMENT designed to contain communism. The basis of the idea was the DOMINO THEORY. If one country (domino) is allowed to fall to communism then it will continue to spread like falling dominos.

After World War II the U.S. followed the foreign policy of CONTAINMENT of communism. When Vietnam declared independence from France under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh, a communist, we supported the French in their quest to maintain their colony due to our containment policy. Ho Chi Minh

After a 9-year war the French surrendered and the Vietnam problem was turned over to the UN which passed the Geneva Accords. The Geneva Accords: 1.Split Vietnam at the 17 th parallel with Ho Chi Minh leading North Vietnam and Ngo Dinh Diem leading South Vietnam 2.Two years later the Vietnamese were to vote on who they wanted to lead a united Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem Ngo Dinh Diem who led South Vietnam and was supported by the U.S. (NOT a communist!) was a corrupt leader. Realizing he would not win the elections that were scheduled against Ho Chi Minh he cancelled the elections. This action was approved by the US.

We continued to support South Vietnam during the Eisenhower (1950’s) administration and the JFK (early 1960’s) administration with money and military advisors.

In 1964, the GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION gave LBJ the authority to “use all necessary measures” against North Vietnam when US destroyers were fired upon by North Vietnamese Patrol Boats in the Gulf of Tonkin. This is the official beginning of the Vietnam War for the US

The War in South Vietnam was essentially a Civil War between those who did and those who did not support Ho Chi Minh. Ho Chi Minh’s supporters in the South (Vietcong) used guerrilla warfare against the South Vietnamese. These guerrilla fighters were supplied by Ho Chi Minh’s North Vietnamese government via the HO CHI MINH TRAIL.

In 1968, the Vietcong launched the Tet (Vietnamese New Year) offensive. Although the South Vietnamese and US armies ultimately won, the Tet offensive convinced many Americans that this war could not be won.

The Vietnam War was the TV WAR. Many believe that the unedited media coverage caused the homefront to loose faith about our ability to win and question whether the U.S. should be in Vietnam.

In 1968, LBJ who many blamed for the Vietnam War announced he would not run for reelection in 1968.

The 1968 presidential election was won by Richard Nixon (Republican) who promised Vietnamization of the war (get out of Vietnam and let them conduct their own Civil War.

When the Nixon administration approved the invasion of Cambodia to stop the supplies traveling along the Ho Chi Minh trail it was viewed as an expansion of the war. Student protests intensified against the government especially at Kent State University where 4 were killed in a protest on campus.

In 1973, Congress passed the WAR POWERS ACT which allows the president to send in troops for a maximum of 90 days without Congressional approval. Congressional approval does not mean the Congress has to declare war, however. Cartoon Caption: Imagine! Congress trying to curb my right to conduct unconstitutional war! Why, that’s unconstitutional.

In 1973, U.S. forces withdrew from Vietnam.

In 1975, North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam and united the country under a communist dictatorship.