Timeline of Forensic Science Michelle Hoffmann

44 BC - ITALY 1784 UK 1810 FRANCE ANTISTIUS Ancient Roman physician who examined the dead body of Julius CAESAR after he was assassinated. This examination revealed that there were 23 total stab wounds to his chest but only one had been fatal. John Toms In the first documented use of physical matching, John Toms was convicted of murder in Lancaster UK due to a piece of torn newspaper from his pocket matching that from a piece of newspaper recovered from a pistol. Eugene Francois VIDOCQ Helped to establish the first detective force in Paris, France - the Sureté, in a deal made in return for the suspension of his arrest and subsequent jail sentence. He is considered by historians and others in law enforcement to be the father of modern criminal investigation.

1813 BC - FRANCE 1839 BC - FRANCE 1840 SPAIN Mathieu Bonaventure ORFILA Professor of medicinal and forensic chemistry at University of Paris who is considered to be the father of modern toxicology. He helped to develop tests for the presence of poisons in blood. Henry-Louis BAYARD Developed the first reliable way to detect sperm by microscope. He also noted the various microscopic characteristics of different papers or other substrate fabrics. Marie LAFARGE Sentenced to life for the murder of her husband by arsenic poisoning in She became the first person convicted by forensic toxicological evidence. Her guilt was largely contested by the French society due to the questioned validity of said evidence.

1851 BC - FRANCE 1937 BC - GERMANY 1945 BC - DENMARK Jean Servois STAS In 1850, after 3 months of searching, Jean Servois Stas was able to isolate nicotine from the tissues of a murder victim by using Ether as a solvent and help to bring the murderer to justice. Walter SPECHT Gernan scientist who, in 1937, developed the chemiluminescent reagent luminol for use as a test for blood. Frank LUNDQUIST Developed the acid phosphatase test for semen.

1954 BC - USA 1963 BC 1983 BC - USA R. F. BORKENSTEIN Invented the breathalyzer for field sobriety tests. D.A. HOPKINSON Identified the polymorphic nature of erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP). Kary MULLIS.Nobel prize winning biochemist who is known for his work on the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Improvements to this technique allowed PCR to become a central technique in biochemistry and molecular biology (Kary Mullis, 2009).

1986 BC- USA 1992 BC- USA 1993 BC - USA People v. PESTINIKAS The first court accepted usage of PCR-based DNA testing to confirm differing autopsy samples to be from the same person was done by Edward Blake. This was also the first time DNA testing had been done in the United States. Thomas CASKEY Professor in the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, TX who collaborated to publish the first paper suggesting the use of short tandem repeats for forensic DNA analysis. He is also a consultant to the FBI in forensic science (Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, 2003). Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Landmark case in which a U.S. federal court relaxes the FRYE standard for admission of scientific evidence and places the role of "gatekeeper" to the judge. It determined the standard for admitting expert testimony in federal courts, now referred to as the Daubert Standard.

1996 BC - USA Paul WARE In the first case ever using mitochondrial DNA evidence in a court, Paul WARE is convicted of the rape and murder of a four year old girl after mDNA profiling matches his DNA to a hair found on the body (Wendler, 2001). 196 USA

References CrimeZZZ.net. Crimeline “History of Forensic Science” history of crime. Taken From Mullis, Kary. “Dr. Kary Banks Mullis.” Taken From WENDLER, RONDA. Texas Medical Center News. “The OTHER DNA” Taken From