“Everyone thinks of changing the world, but no one thinks of changing himself.” How to approach the Change over Time Essay Leo Tolstoy

Free Response Section Three essays (50% of overall score) – DBQ (Document Based Question) – Change over Time (CCOT) – Comparative = Compare and Contrast (C2) The CCOT Essay is the second essay, but you may do them in any order The key is to address all points of the rubric and support your thesis with specific evidence; however, you need to do so expeditiously to meet time constraints

CCOT Core-Scoring Thesis Addresses all parts of the question Continuity Change Uses evidence to support thesis Analyzes the process of continuity and change over time Uses relevant historical context to explain continuity and change Expanded: Superior essay

Sample Question 2.Analyze continuities and changes in regional and global institutions formed to maintain peace and to facilitate international cooperation in the 20 th century. RTFQ2 – Read the full question, twice. Part B (Suggested planning and writing time — 40 minutes) Percent of Section II score — 33 1/3 Directions: You are to answer the following question. You should spend 5 minutes organizing or outlining your essay. Write an essay that: Has a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with appropriate historical evidence Addresses all parts of the question Uses world historical context to show continuities and changes over time Analyzes the process of continuity and change over time

Start with the facts As a change over time essay, there are a couple of ways to approach this – since no specific categories are listed in this sample question, you will need to create your own (can be 2 or 3, so use 3 groups to be safe): Create a table that will help identify different groups Create a time-line (by category and / or region) Draw another type of pictorial diagram to help show relationships, such as a network diagram Try using one of the following to identify what you know

Create a Table… Political Take a few minutes to list everything you know about regional / global political institutions… MilitaryEconomic Take a few minutes to list everything you know about regional / global military institutions… Take a few minutes to list everything you know about regional / global economic institutions…

Or perhaps a Time Line by Region… Europe Americas Asia Take a few minutes to list everything you know about European regional or global institutions… Take a few minutes to list everything you know about American regional or global institutions… Take a few minutes to list everything you know about Asian regional or global institutions…

or a Network Diagram if that works for you. Take a few minutes to list everything you know about regional / global institutions…

A Table might look like this… PoliticalMilitaryEconomic Concert of Europe (1815 – 1914) League of Nations (1920 – 1945) United Nations (1945 – Present) -IAEA -ICC Europe: EU (1993 – Present) Americas: Organization of American States (1890s – Present) Asia: ASEAN (1967 – Present) Triple Entente (1907 – 1917) Axis Powers / Allied Nations ( ) Europe / Americas: NATO (1949 – Present) Asia: SEATO (1955 – 1997) United Nations: Member states provide peacekeeping forces Global trade, but mostly stock markets United Nations (1945 – Present) -IMF -World Bank -GATT (1947 – 95) -WTO (1995 – Pres) EEC (1958 – 1993) Europe: EU (1993 – Present) Americas: NAFTA (1993 – Present) Mercosur (1992 – Pres) Asia: ASEAN (1967 – Present)

How a Time Line by Region might look Europe Americas Asia SEATO Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere International Union of American Rep League of Nations ASEAN Organization of American States NAFTA United Nations (IMF, WTO, World Bank, etc.) NATO United Nations (IMF, WTO, World Bank, etc.) League of Nations NATO EU EEC Triple Entente Concert of Europe Axis / Allies

or a Network Diagram can be used International Criminal Court IAEA World Trade Organization World Bank / International Monetary Fund NATO (1949 – Present) OAS (1890s to Present) (Intl Union of Am Rep) United Nations (1945 – Present) (Peacekeeping) EU (1993 – Present) NAFTA (1993 – Present) League of Nations (1920 – 1943) OPEC (1960 – Present) Stock Markets (19 th cent) Stock Markets (19th cent) Concert of Europe

Organizing the Essay You may organize the essay any way you like, but the readers will only look at the first and last paragraph for the thesis point You will never go wrong using a five paragraph essay Here is a suggested way to organize this essay (remember to analyze causation and show contextualization in each supporting paragraph) - 1 st paragraph: Thesis - 2 nd paragraph: Change over time of political institutions - 3 rd paragraph: Change over time of political-military (military) institutions - 4 th paragraph: Change over time of economic institutions - Last paragraph: Restate thesis and answer why the question is relevant

Thesis – 1 st or last paragraph Time and Place – 20 th Century - Could be sub-divided before and after WWII - Regional: within regions (ex. Europe, Americas, Asia) - Global: across regions Categories (Note: other organizations, like UNESCO or WHO, could focus on cultural / social issues) - Political - Military - Economic (or cultural) Summary Statement: 1-2 key points for each category - Change: Organizations reconstituted; became more complex, spread - Continuity: Political-military organizations / trade existed throughout Note: The Thesis is a stand-alone point. You cannot receive any other points, including evidence, context, or analysis, from a thesis paragraph.

Yes: Whereas political-military institutions focusing on collective security, like the League of Nations and the UN, and economic institutions focusing on trade, like stock markets, existed throughout the 20 th century in one form or another; institutions changed by reorganizing, becoming more complex, like the EU, and proliferating in number and function, especially after World War II. No: There were many changes, while some things remained the same, in regional and global institutions throughout the world in the 20 th century. Thesis

All parts of the Question Full (2) points given for addressing all parts of the question (both change and continuity) Partial (1) point given for addressing one part of the question (either change or continuity) 20 th century with regions and categories Change (1 point) - Political-Military (in at least two regions) - Economic or Cultural (in at least two regions) Continuity (1 point) - Political-Military (in at least two regions) - Economic or Cultural (in at least two regions)

Evidence Full (2) points given for sufficient evidence in each category: Ex. 6-8 facts for change; 2-4 facts for continuity (question dependent) Partial (1) point given for some evidence in each category: Ex. 3-4 facts for change; 1-2 facts for continuity (question dependent) Change (each point = 1 fact) – The more the better - Concert of Europe ends with WWI; replaced by League, then UN - Development of regional collective security organizations, ex. NATO - Development of regional trade blocs with EEC, NAFTA, etc. - Development of commodity cartels, ex. OPEC - Development of global trade organizations, ex. GATT, WTO - Development of global economic development (WB) / currency (IMF) - Development of regional political-economic organizations, ex. EU, AU - Development of specialized agencies in UN, ex. IAEA, WHO,UNICEF Continuity (each point = 1 fact) – The more the better - OAS is oldest regional organization: 1890s – Present - Political organizations existed throughout the century - Military alliances existed throughout the century - International trade ongoing; stock markets throughout entire period - League of Nations – United Nations (1920 to Present)

Contextualization Full (1) point given for world historical context to explain continuity and change over time. Cannot be in thesis (should not be in last paragraph in case thesis point is given for concluding paragraph) – i.e. some students “write their way into the thesis” Change – World War I; rise of communism, fascism; World War II; Cold War; decolonization; globalization; green revolution and rapid rise in global population Continuity – global trade and security concerns had been on- going for centuries; theorists (Grotius, Kant) and major wars (Napoleonic period) established interest in and need for cooperation; international trade was increasing by end of 19 th century

Analyze Process of Change / Continuity Comparison to other regions – how did other regions impact what is being examined (influence of US on the EU and vice versa – NAFTA; or NATO and SEATO) Connection to global processes – what major themes were going on during this period? i.e. the Cold War What type of interaction between or among regions were occurring; ex. Did trade, migrations, or warfare create this change and carry ideas from one region to another? i.e. NATO response to Soviet threat What patterns existed? Ex. Need for political-military and economic cooperation on-going; number, size, scope, and complexity of organizations increased throughout the period

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