Geography Chapter 4: The Human World

World Population O Population - 7 Billion people live on the earth, inhabiting only 30% of the land. O Population Growth Rate - How fast the population will increase. (Estimate = 9 Billion by 2050) O Demography - Study of population growth using Birth Rate, Death Rate and Migration data. O Natural Increase - Rate of Growth.

Demographic Transition Model O Model showing population trends. O Change in either rate will impact overall rate of growth. O Stage 1 O Balance No growth, High Birth, and Death Rate, Why? O Stage 2 O Imbalance, Growth, High Birth Rate- Low Death Rate, Why? O Stage 3 O Back to Balance, Balance, Low Birth Rate- Low Death Rate, Why? O Stage 4 O Balance, Little Growth, Lower Birth Rate- Low Death Rate, Why? O Stage 5? – Decline

Population O Doubling Time- time to double the population of a region. O Negative Population Growth- Some nations are declining. (Germany and Hungary) O Population Distribution- pattern of human settlement around the globe. See Map 73 O What factors impact where people live?Temperature, Water, Fertile soil, Transportation, etc. O Population Density- number of people living in a square mile. Same factors apply. O Population Movement- migration of people. Why? (water, food, jobs, trade, war, etc.) O Urbanization- growth of city populations. Why? (Jobs, resources, family, etc.)

Culture O What is culture? O The way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs. O Elements of Culture O Language O Religion O Social Groups O Government O Economics

Language O How people communicate information See pg. 76 O Language Family - groups of languages with similar roots O Language causes people to groups together. O Values/traditions passed on.

Religion O A set of beliefs in an ultimate reality and a set of practices used to express those beliefs. O A belief system to explain moral values. Gives people a sense of identity. O Religion can cause people to feel a cultural identity. Religion influences History, music, art, architecture, literature, etc.

Social Groups O A system developed to help members of a culture to meet basic needs. O People grouped (ranked) by ancestry, wealth, education, etc.

Government O A system of maintaining order and providing protection for a society. O Various types of Gov. (Democracy, Oligarchy, Autocracy) O The Gov. can determine how a people live.

Economics O How scarce resources are allocated. (Who gets what?) O Also, how people produce, use, and sell goods and services.

Culture Regions O Countries grouped by certain common traits.

Cultural Change O Culture changes over time. O Why? New generations bring new ideas. O Also, Cultural Diffusion - Spread of culture from one generation to another.

What were the original cultures on earth? O Cultural Hearths – see map on pg. 78 O River Valleys- Tigris-Euphrates, Nile, Indus, Huang-he. Also, Middle America. O This is where Civilization began. After the invention of Agriculture. O Civilization is where Culture is created. Cities, Gov., Social Structure, Religion, Writing, Art, Science, etc.

Change in Culture O Cultural Diffusion O Industrial Revolution O Urbanizatio O Information Revolution O Computers O Internet

World Foods O Another Element of Culture is Food! Distinctive Foods are defining factors of many cultures. O What are the traditional dishes of a Region? O America? O Latin America? O Europe? O Asia? O Africa?

World Religions O How did change America? It made us more closed minded about different Religions. O We need to have a better understanding about World Religions. O Religion- a set of beliefs in an ultimate reality and a set of practices used to express those beliefs. O How do your beliefs affect the way you live? (Culture) O Each religion has its own celebrations, worship styles, sacred texts, symbols, holy sites, etc. O All of these unite followers no matter where they are in the world.

Important Terms O Ancient Religion - people used religion to explain nature. O Animism - belief that spirits inhabit natural objects. O Atheism - disbelief in the existence of any God. O Monotheism - belief in ONE God. O Polytheism - belief in Many Gods. O Secularism - belief that one’s questions can be answered apart from religion. O Sect - a subdivision of a religion that has its own distinctive beliefs or practices.

Political Systems O Today there are more than 200 Countries of various sizes. Each one is defined by Territory, Population and Sovereignty. These elements are brought together under a Government. O A Gov. makes and enforces rules on all people under its control.(Sovereignty- Who has the power?)

Levels of Government O How power is distributed inside a country O Each country is governed by unique characteristics that relate to its historical development. O Countries usually have a federal/central gov. and smaller internal divisions (states, provinces, and cities)

Unitary System O All key powers to the Federal Gov. O Limited power to the states/provinces.

Federal System O Powers divided or shared between the Federal and State/Provincial Governments. (US) O Federal Government O (President, Congress, Supreme Court) I O State Governments O (Governor, State Legislature) I O Local Governments O (Mayor, City Council)

Confederation O A loose union of independent territories. (Canada = Confederal)

3 Types of Government O Who holds power within the country? O Autocracy(The One) O Power is held by a single ruler. (Kings, Emperor, Dictator) O Oldest form of Gov. O Oligarchy(The Few) O Power is held by a small group. (A few wealthy aristocrats or a National Assembly) O (Ancient- Athens, Modern- South Africa before 1994) No Oligarchies exist today. O Democracy(The Many) O Power is held by the people. There are many versions of this. O Direct Dem., Representative Dem.

Economic Systems O Economics answers 3 basic questions O What should be produced? O How should it be produced? O Who gets the goods that are produced? O 3 Economic Systems - 3 systems answer these questions differently. O Traditional, Market, Command

Traditional Economy O Very limited in today’s world O Wise old men decide! O Habit and Custom determine economic activities. O Elders or ancestors determine who gets what.

Market Economy O Capitalism O Individuals or private groups determine what to produce. O What the consumers want is a big factor. O Free Enterprise - private individuals have the right to own property and make a profit off of their work. O This really doesn’t exist in it pure form. O Today, Mixed economies are common. (Some Gov. regulation)

Command Economy O Communism, Socialism O The Gov. owns or controls production and determines all economic questions. O Theory - Gov. distributes goods and services evenly. Not always true. O Communism - One political party makes all economic decisions by force or coercion. (China, Vietnam) O Socialism - Gov. tries to fairly distribute wealth and control society for the public good. (Sweden) O Democratic Socialism - a combination of democracy and a planned economy

Resources and the Environment O Natural Resources: O Elements from the earth that people use to meet their needs. O Some are renewable and some are non- renewable.

Uneven Distribution O Some parts of the world have more of a certain resource than others. O This causes countries to specialize in certain economic activities. (See Map 107) O *This can effect a country’s economic development.

Economic Development O 2 Main Factors – Resources and Technology O 4 Stages of Economic Development O Primary O Secondary O Tertiary O Quaternary

Economic Development O Primary Stage: O Using resources directly from the earth. (Farming, Grazing, Fishing, Mining, Forestry) O Secondary Stage: O Using resources to produce something new. (Manufacturing Cars, Assembling Electronics) O This usually occurs close to source of resources and markets.

Economic Development O Tertiary Stage: O Providing Services to people or businesses. (Doctors, Lawyers, Teachers, Bankers, Clerks) O Quaternary Stage: O Processing or Managing Information. (White collar professionals who work in business, Gov. Education, and Research)

What Causes this Change? O Resources and Technology which promote Industrialization/Information improvements. O Old way to describe this change: O Developed Nations: O Most people work in Manufacturing, Service or Information Management. O High Standard of Living! O Developing Nations: O Growing in the use of Industry and Information. O Agriculture still dominant activity. O Lower standard of living. High Poverty level.

World Trade O Unequal distribution of Resources causes a complex trade network system. O Nations buy from other nations! O Barriers- Governments direct Trade. Some Governments get along, some don’t. Trade Tariffs (taxes). O Free Trade- efforts to Reduce trade barriers. (Trade Treaties, European Union)

Impact of Economic Activity O Pollution - Release of toxic elements into the environment. O Water - Oil spills, Sewer spills, Chemical spills. O Air - Burning Fossil Fuels gives off Poison gases. Produces Acid Rain. O Human expansion into new ecosystems. Plants/Animals destroyed.