 Be sure to check the absent folder if you have been absent!  Last day to Make up Blood/Cardiovascular System Exam will be Wednesday. After that it will remain a zero.  Turn in Respiratory coloring (Parts A and B) if you did not last week.  Periods 2,4,6- Turn in Reading Logs

RESPIRATORY VOLUMES  Tidal Volume: volume of air entering or leaving during a single respiratory cycle.  Inspiratory Reserve Volume: extra air in lungs during forced inspiration.  Expiratory Reserve Volume: air that exits during forced expiration.  Residual Volume: air left in lungs even after forced expiration.

RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES  Combining two or more volumes gives us a capacity.  1) Vital capacity= inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume.  2) Inspiratory capacity= tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume.  3) Function residual capacity= expiratory reserve volume + residual volume.  4) Total Lung Capacity= vital capacity + residual volume. (about 5,800 ml)

FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  Obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.  Trap particles from incoming air and help control the temperature and water content of the air  Produce vocal sounds  Participate in the sense of smell  Regulate blood pH

RESPIRATORY VOLUMES  Measure by an instrument called a “spirometer”.  We already know 1 volume from our lab.  What is it?

RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES

 Be sure to check the absent folder if you have been absent!  Last day to Make up Blood/Cardiovascular System Exam will be Wednesday. After that it will remain a zero.

 Pulmonary Ventilation  Air moving into and out of the lungs (breathing)  External Respiration  Gas Exchange between the pulmonary blood and alveoli  External= Exterior  Internal Respiration  Gas Exchange between blood and tissue cells  Internal= Inside

 Oxygen Into Blood  O2 in Alveoli > Blood  Diffuses into blood from alveoli  Carbon dioxide out of the blood  CO2 in Blood > Alveoli  Pulmonary capillary blood gives up carbon dioxide to be exhaled

ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  1) Upper Respiratory Tract  Nose  Nasal cavity  Pharynx  2) Lower Respiratory Tract  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchial tree  lungs

THE NOSE  Nasal conchae  Increase surface area of nasal passages

MUCUS MEMBRANE  Secrete mucus to filter air  Blood vessels warm air

CILIA

PHARYNX (THROAT)  Common passageway for:  food  esophagus  air  larynx

LARYNX  Site of sound production (vocal folds)  The epiglottis folds over the opening of trachea, preventing entry of liquids or food

LARYNX

TRACHEA- “WINDPIPE” –C-shaped cartilage rings keep passageways open –No cartilage in back of trachea to allow food to pass through the esophagus

BRONCHI/BRONCHIOLES  Trachea branches into the  right and left primary bronchi  secondary bronchi  tertiary bronchi and so on…  Bronchiole: when the bronchi no longer have cartilage

BRONCHIOLES LEAD TO ALVEOLI  Respiratory bronchioles open into passageways called alveolar ducts that end at alveolar sacs

ALVEOLI  Functional Unit of Respiratory System  Ideal site for gas exchange  Extremely thin walls  Large Surface Area

THE LUNGS  Contains Lobes  Right lung= 3 lobes  Left Lung= 2 lobes  Within the “pleural cavity”  Parietal pleural membrane  Visceral pleural membrane

 Turn in Breathing Worksheet.  Be sure to check the absent folder if you have been absent!  Last Day to turn in work for Q3 will be Friday. Please check to see what you are missing. There are a lot of zeros!

BREATHING VOCAB  Ventilation: breathing  Inspiration: inhalation, breathing in  Expiration: exhalation, breathing out

INSPIRATION 1. Diaphragm and rib muscles contract, increasing lung volume 2. As lung volume increases, lung pressure decreases 3. Air is drawn down into the trachea of the lung and enters the alveoli, where the oxygen diffuses into the blood

SURFACE TENSION  Alveoli attract water molecules and cause surface tension, alveoli are harder to inflate and can actually collapse  Alveolar cells synthesize “surfactant” to fight this and make it easier to inflate the alveoli.

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME  Premature babies do not produce sufficient surfactant and cannot breathe properly.  Doctors drip synthetic surfactant into their lungs through a tube and they breath using a ventilator.

EXPIRATION 1. Diaphragm and rib muscles relax 2. Air moves out of alveoli and up into the bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea 3. Lung volume decreases as air leaves nose or mouth, increasing air pressure in the chest cavity

Figure 13.11a

 Exchange of gases between blood and body cells  An opposite reaction to what occurs in the lungs  Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood (called loading)  Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue (called unloading)

Figure 13.11b

Figure 13.10