SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION CHAPTER 22 SECTION ONE Patterns of Interaction P Ch 12 History Alive p Mastering the Teks in World History p206

WARM-UP In the mid-1500s, scientists began to question accepted beliefs and make new theories based on experimentation.

Scientific Revolution European thought – Pre 1500 most Europeans relied on the Bible, religious teachings and classical works as sources of knowledge about the natural world. After the mid-1500s scientist or natural philosophers used their powers of reasoning & observation to understand the laws of nature. This movement became known as the Scientific Revolution. Observed natural world –Questioning accepted beliefs of ancient thinkers and the church

Geocentric Theory Ptolemy who was influenced by Aristotle’s views developed the Geocentric or Earth centered theory of the universe. This theory was supported by the catholic church

Views of the Universe Geocentric Theory – belief that the earth was the center of the universe – All planets, the moon and the sun moved around the earth. The Church supported this theory. Heliocentric Theory – Sun-centered theory discovered by Copernicus. – All planets including the earth revolved around the sun.

What did they do? Nicolaus Copernicus Johannes Kepler Heliocentric theory (1500s), did not publish - feared persecution from the church Discovered the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits proving the heliocentric theory

Galileo Galilei Discovered… – All objects fall at the same speed Built his own telescope in 1609 Supported the heliocentric theory angered the Catholic Church Stood trial before the Inquisition in 1633, he signed a confession - ideas were false Lived under house arrest until he died in 1642

Galileo Galilei Falling objects accelerate at a fixed and predictable rate. Disproved Aristotle’s theory that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. Improved the telescope. Discovered the moons of Jupiter. Supported the heliocentric theory.

Pope John Paul II On October 31, 1992, the Pope officially apologized to Galileo and admitted he was right. Oooops!!! Sorry Dude!!

What did they do? Francis Bacon René Descartes Isaac Newton 1687 Urged scientists to use experimentation scientific method Mathematician doubted until proven by reason I think, therefore I am… Developed the law of gravity

Scientific Method created by Francis Bacon

Newton’s Laws of Gravity “Principia Mathematica” explained the laws of gravity and motion.

Laws of motion

Robert Boyle Irish chemist conducted experiments on gases at different temperatures and pressures. He found gas pressure increased as the volume of the gas decreased. Boyle’s Law The Father of modern Chemistry

Boyle’s Law

Willian Harvey Discovered the heart worked as a pump to move blood throughout the body.

Classification of Plants and animals Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeaus developed a system of classification of plants and animals by scientific type

The Enlightenment The Age of Reason that reached its height in the mid-1700s Thinkers tried to apply reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society Scientific Method: a logical procedure for gathering and testing data

Review What is the only thing Descartes believed? What important law did Newton explain? What is heliocentric? Who invented the first telescope? What was the Scientific Revolution?

ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE A revolution in intellectual activity changed European’s view of government and society. CHAPTER 22 SECTION TWO

Views on Government OLD IDEA: The king’s or queen’s rule is justified by DIVINE RIGHT NEW IDEA: The government’s power comes from the consent of the governed… in other words, from ordinary people like you and me Divine Right: The idea that monarchs are God’s representatives on earth and answer only to God

Views on Government Thomas Hobbes People need a strong government to keep order Social Contract Theory: people define and limit their own rights in order to create a strong government and an organized society John Locke People have the natural ability to govern themselves People are born with natural rights of life, liberty and property If government withholds these natural rights, people have the right to overthrow it

Philosophes 5 important concepts made up the philosophes’ philosophy 5 important concepts made up the philosophes’ philosophy 1.Reason – could be applied to all aspects of life 2.Nature – what was natural was good 3.Happiness – if you lived by nature’s laws you would be happy 4.Progress – believed society & humankind could be perfected 5.Liberty – through reason, society could be set free

Important Philosophers Montesquieu Power should be a check to power. Voltaire I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. Jean Jacques Rousseau Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.

Mary Wollstonecraft 1792 A Vindication of the Rights of Women Wollstonecraft believed: – Women’s education was necessary for them to become virtuous and better mothers – Believed women could be doctors and participate in politics

Key Ideas of the Enlightenment IDEATHINKER Natural RightsLocke Separation of PowersMontesquieu Freedom of Thought and Expression Voltaire Religious FreedomVoltaire Women’s EqualityWollstonecraft

Spread of Enlightenment Ideas Salons: social gathering of intellectuals held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment Encyclopedia: brought together most current ideas about science, technology, art, politics

Review Who was Montesquieu? What is a philosophe? What 5 things did philosophes believe? Who was Voltaire? Who is Rousseau? Who is Wollstonecraft?

SPREAD OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS Enlightenment ideas spread through the Western world and profoundly influenced the arts and government. CHAPTER 23 SECTION THREE

Changing Styles Baroque Art of the 1600s and early 1700s Grand style (example: Palace of Versailles) Dramatic music of Bach and Handel Neoclassical Art of the late 1700s Emphasis on order and balance Borrowed simple, elegant ideas from the Greeks and Romans Music of Mozart and Beethoven (classical music)

Baroque Architecture The Palace of Versailles

Neoclassical Architecture

Enlightened Despots – Monarchs who embraced the new ideas – made reforms – no intention of giving up power – wanted to make their countries stronger – wanted to rule more effectively

Enlightened Despots Frederick the Great of Prussia – Granted religious freedoms – Reduced censorship – Improved education – Abolished torture – DID NOT end serfdom even though he believed it was wrong Catherine the Great of Russia – Allowed religious freedom – Abolish torture in Russia – Favored an end to serfdom until a peasant uprising convinced her she needed the nobles’ support to remain in power

Review What is a salon? What is baroque? What is a despot? Who was Frederick the Great? Who was Catherine the Great? Where were they from?

AMERICAN REVOLUTION Enlightenment ideas helped spur the American colonies to create a new nation. CHAPTER 22 SECTION FOUR

Enlightenment in America

American Revolution CAUSES: – Navigation Acts (1660s) – prohibited colonists from selling goods to any country except Britain – Stamp Act (1765) – colonists had to pay a tax for an official stamp on printed documents – Boston Tea Party (1773) in response to a tax on imported tea On April 19, 1775, the Revolutionary War began between the American colonists and the British… in 1781 the colonists declared their independence from Britain

Ideas of Thomas Jefferson

Changing Ideas OLD IDEA: American colonists considered themselves as subjects of the British king NEW IDEA: The colonists asserted their right to declare independence

Impact of the Enlightenment on the American Revolution Declaration of Independence: Written by Thomas Jefferson and based on John Locke’s argument for natural rights. Bill of Rights: First 10 Amendments to the Constitution guaranteeing basic freedoms of religion, speech, etc. The people have the right to overthrow the government… just as the American colonists did in the Revolution

Price of Independence

Impact of the Enlightenment on the American Revolution Federal System of Government: 1.Checks and balances: ensures that no one branch of government gains too much power 2.Federal system: power divided between the national and state governments

Review Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? What events lead the colonists to want to declare their independence? What is the Bill of Rights? Explain the system of checks and balances.