INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY Chapter 1

PROCESS OF SCIENCE Two main scientific approaches Discovery science - describing nature Hypothesis-driven science - explaining nature

CULTURE OF SCIENCE Scientists build on what has been learned from earlier research Cooperation and competition characterize the scientific culture

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Interdependent of one another New technology advance science Scientific discoveries lead to new technologies

SCIENTIFIC METHOD Process of inquiry consisting of series of steps Observation Question Hypothesis and Prediction Experiment Results/Data Analysis Conclusion

Figure Experiment supports hypothesis; make more predictions and test. Observation The remote doesn’t work. Hypothesis The batteries are dead. Question What’s wrong? Experiment Replace batteries. Prediction With new batteries, it will work.

Figure Experiment does not support hypothesis. Experiment supports hypothesis; make more predictions and test. Observation The remote doesn’t work. Hypothesis The batteries are dead. Question What’s wrong? Experiment Replace batteries. Prediction With new batteries, it will work. Revise.

SCOPE OF LIFE Biology = scientific study of life Cell = basic unit of life Organisms are either unicellular or multicellular So what distinguishes living things from nonliving things?

PROPERTIES OF LIFE Consist of 1 or more cells Order (organization) Regulation (homeostasis) Growth and development Energy processing Response to the environment Reproduction Evolution

ORDER All living things exhibit complex but ordered organization Organized on both cellular and molecular levels

REGULATION Adjust internal environment to remain stable Homeostasis

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT Cells grow through division and enlargement Information carried by DNA controls the pattern of growth and development in all organisms

ENERGY PROCESSING Organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life’s activities Autotroph Heterotroph

RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT All organisms respond to environmental stimuli

REPRODUCTION Organisms reproduce their own kind Asexual Sexual

EVOLUTION Change over time Central, unifying phenomenon of all life Main evidence = fossils

DARWINIAN VIEW OF LIFE Gathered evidence for theories during an around- the-world voyage Struck by diversity on the Galapagos Islands Observation 1: Overproduction and competition Observation 2: Individual variation Conclusion: Unequal reproductive success

DARWINIAN VIEW OF LIFE On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Proposed two points Descent with modification Natural Selection

FULL SCOPE OF LIFE

Biosphere Ecosystem Communities Populations Organisms

ECOSYSTEM Dynamics of ecosystem depend on recycling of chemical nutrients & flow of energy

Organ Systems & Organs Tissues

Cells Organelles Molecules and Atoms

CELLS All cells are enclosed by protective, selectively permeable membrane All cells consist of DNA - units of inheritance that transmit information from parent to offspring Two main types of cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

DIVERSITY OF LIFE Known life includes at least 290,000 plants, 52,000 vertebrates, and 1 million insects Estimates of the total number of species range from 10 million to over 100 million Taxonomy - branch of biology that names and classifies species

3 DOMAINS OF LIFE Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

SYSTEMATICS & TAXONOMY Science of classifying organisms and determining evolutionary history Linnaeus’ system Binomial nomenclature Hierarchical classification

HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

PHYLOGENY & CLADISITCS Phylogenetic TreeClade