ECOST PROJECT CASE STUDY PRESENTATION - R4 CHINA CASE STUDY NO. 3 JAMAICA (CARIBBEAN) April, 2007 Karl Aiken & Stephen Smikle University of the West Indies, Mona campus.

Jamaica Identification & selection Case study No. 3 Case study No. 3FleetGearsSpeciesEcologyEconomySociology JamaicaSmallVessels (3, ,000) IndustrialVessels (approx. 12) Nets, fish traps, spear guns, bottom lines Trolling lines Push nets Diving Hookah, Scuba diving Florida traps Reef fishes, lobsters, crabs, shrimp Pelagics,Shrimp Queen conch, spiny lobsters Reef- based fisheries Small- scale fisheries High commercial value & foreign exchange Multiplier effect Multiplier effect, taxes,women

METIER DESCRIPTION – JAMAICA PRODUCTION PROFILE: GEOGRAPHIC AREA Pedro Bank- industrial fishing Island Shelf: Artisanal fishing

SEASONALITY Major fishing season is August to March/April Major fishing season is August to March/April Major factor is high S.E. winds present annually April to July. Major factor is high S.E. winds present annually April to July. Another factor is Tropical Storms (hurricanes) in summer-autumn (June – October/November) period Another factor is Tropical Storms (hurricanes) in summer-autumn (June – October/November) period Small craft (open FRP canoes) are mean size of 10 – 12 m LOA & very susceptible to rough seas. Small craft (open FRP canoes) are mean size of 10 – 12 m LOA & very susceptible to rough seas.

Finfish 12,478 5,579 4,161 6,284 4,586 4,349 7,000 4,595 8,811 7,119 Conch 1,432 1,821 1,700 1, Lobster Shrimp Total Marine Fish Prodn 16,706 9,667 8,029 9,979 7,103 8,239 10,307 7,402 11,500 10,064 JAMAICA: VOLUME OF CATCHES IN MT,

JAMAICA: VALUE OF CATCHES IN US$, Finfish 41,267 18,450 13,761 20,782 15,165 14,382 23,150 15,196 29,140 23,543 Conch 9,308 11,838 11,050 8,879 No Exp 6,149 3,278 3,575 4,160 Lobster 6,400 2,157 1,357 2,639 4,138 7,547 2,869 2,400 1,076 2,400 Shrimp 1, Total Value 58,242 32,914 26,270 32,331 19,560 28,347 32,432 21,133 34,071 30,383

NUMBER OF UNITS Small craft (open canoes) = 3,500 – 5,000 Small craft (open canoes) = 3,500 – 5,000 15,000 – 20,000 fishers 15,000 – 20,000 fishers 3 – 4 persons per canoe 3 – 4 persons per canoe Some sharing of canoes by groups of fishers Some sharing of canoes by groups of fishers Canoes numbers will thus not match fishers’ numbers Canoes numbers will thus not match fishers’ numbers 168 fish landing sites (mostly < 10 canoes per site) 168 fish landing sites (mostly < 10 canoes per site) One site (south coast) has 33% of all vessels One site (south coast) has 33% of all vessels Industrial fleet currently is less than 12 decked (25 m LOA) vessels. Industrial fleet currently is less than 12 decked (25 m LOA) vessels.

Finfish 1 4,0534,1034,2004,2704,3104,3604,4104,4604,5104,560 Conch Lobster Shrimp Total Fleet Size 4,177 4,225 4,268 4,318 4,362 4,412 4,464 4,514 4,564 4,614 JAMAICA: SIZE OF FLEET BY FISHERY

FISHING VESSELS 1. Fin Fish and Shrimp caught by FRP & Wooden Canoes 2. Conch and Lobster Caught by Steel Hull Vessels (25 – 30 metres LOA) ARTISANAL CANOE INDUSTRIAL VESSEL

EMPLOYMENT Directly employs 34,500 persons Directly employs 34,500 persons Indirectly contributes to livelihoods of >200,000 persons Indirectly contributes to livelihoods of >200,000 persons Fishers (15,000 – 20,000) Fishers (15,000 – 20,000) Range is large due to unregistered fishers Range is large due to unregistered fishers Vendors approx. 8,000 Vendors approx. 8,000 Many are related to fishers from whom they obtain product. Many are related to fishers from whom they obtain product. Significant multiplier effect through distributor network near bigger towns. Significant multiplier effect through distributor network near bigger towns.

NUMBER OF PERSONS PER TONNE FISH Average of 0.29 MT produced per person Average of 0.29 MT produced per person YEAR MT / Person

FISH FLOW FROM PRODUCTION TO PROCESSOR Finfish at most sites in artisanal fishery, have direct link to buyer via vendor Finfish at most sites in artisanal fishery, have direct link to buyer via vendor Approx. 90% of Finfish sold fresh, wet, whole Approx. 90% of Finfish sold fresh, wet, whole Industrial fisheries for conch (Strombus gigas) & Lobster has small number of processing plants Industrial fisheries for conch (Strombus gigas) & Lobster has small number of processing plants Conch mostly sold/exported as “50%” processed conch (operculum & viscera removed or 25% wt. removed). Conch mostly sold/exported as “50%” processed conch (operculum & viscera removed or 25% wt. removed). Lobsters normally prepared as frozen whole or tailed. Lobsters normally prepared as frozen whole or tailed.

MARKET TYPES Most finfish (approx. 90%) directly consumed nationally Most finfish (approx. 90%) directly consumed nationally 95% conch exported 95% conch exported 5% local restaurants, hotels, supermarkets 5% local restaurants, hotels, supermarkets Export of conch to USA & Martinique (EU)/region Export of conch to USA & Martinique (EU)/region 40% of Lobsters are exported to USA 40% of Lobsters are exported to USA Majority sold to local hospitality industry Majority sold to local hospitality industry Majority of Shrimp sold on local market Majority of Shrimp sold on local market

NATIONAL CONTEXT: CONTRIBUTION TO ECONOMY J$1.1 Billion contribution to GDP (US$24 million) (2003) J$1.1 Billion contribution to GDP (US$24 million) (2003) Export valued at 1.3 million kg valued at US$11.4 (2001) Export valued at 1.3 million kg valued at US$11.4 (2001)

NATIONAL MANAGEMENT NETWORK National Management Plan exists National Management Plan exists National Total Allowable Catch (NTAC) or Quota system for conch fishery since 1993 National Total Allowable Catch (NTAC) or Quota system for conch fishery since 1993 Annual quota based on roughly biennial abundance (diver) surveys on main offshore grounds Annual quota based on roughly biennial abundance (diver) surveys on main offshore grounds Spiny lobster regulations exist (close season, minimum carapace length, possession of immature lobster) Spiny lobster regulations exist (close season, minimum carapace length, possession of immature lobster) Enforcement generally, however, “poor”. Enforcement generally, however, “poor”.

FISHING SUBSIDIES All subsidies removed in late 1980s. All subsidies removed in late 1980s. Formerly subsidies on; Formerly subsidies on; - trap meshwire, - trap meshwire, - outboard fuel, - outboard fuel, - fishing gear, - fishing gear, - rotating loan scheme for canoe purchase - rotating loan scheme for canoe purchase - same for outboard engines. - same for outboard engines. Expansion of fishery while subsidies in effect. Expansion of fishery while subsidies in effect.

COSTS OF MANAGEMENT Monitoring & surveillance expensive Monitoring & surveillance expensive Coast Guard vessels sometimes have no fuel Coast Guard vessels sometimes have no fuel Research largely through regional organizations like University of the West Indies (three campuses) & Fisheries Division, MOA (GOJ). Research largely through regional organizations like University of the West Indies (three campuses) & Fisheries Division, MOA (GOJ). Caricom Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM) facilitates capacity strengthening through training for degrees Caricom Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM) facilitates capacity strengthening through training for degrees Administration costs (minimal, poorly funded relative to other Gov’t. departments) Administration costs (minimal, poorly funded relative to other Gov’t. departments)

TRADE MEASURES Caricom Single Market & Economy (CSME) regulations going into force since 2006 Caricom Single Market & Economy (CSME) regulations going into force since 2006 Balance of payments deficit with major traders (USA, Canada) within North American Free Trade Market. Balance of payments deficit with major traders (USA, Canada) within North American Free Trade Market.

FISCAL MEASURES Jamaica government contributes annually approx. J$20 Million (US$300,000) to the Fisheries Division Jamaica government contributes annually approx. J$20 Million (US$300,000) to the Fisheries Division Generally, the government’s contribution to the Fisheries Division is relatively low. Generally, the government’s contribution to the Fisheries Division is relatively low. Public expenditure on fisheries is inadequate to meet development needs. Public expenditure on fisheries is inadequate to meet development needs.

FISHING AGREEMENTS None in effect presently None in effect presently Formerly with Colombia, Guyana. Formerly with Colombia, Guyana. END. END.