AVIONICS DISPLAY SYSTEMS BAY AREA SID CHAPTER CONFERENCE SUNNYVALE, CA Kalluri R. Sarma March 24, 2016

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Overview Background: Avionic display systems Avionics LCD technology development OLED / Flexible Display developments / evaluations User interface technologies for flight deck Flight decks of the future Summary

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 2 AM LCD - Examples of Honeywell Avionics Display Systems R&D Honeywell Pioneered the AM LCD R&D for Military and Aerospace Applications  LCD R&D areas included:  TFT Devices (a-Si:H, LTPS, and later AOS)  pixel circuit designs  Display addressing  Display drive electronics  LCD and Display Optics  Advanced LCD Modes  LCD Backlighting  Display graphics  Honeywell pioneered the wide viewing angle AM LCD R&D for cross-cockpit viewing  Qualified AM LCDs for a broad range of commercial and military aerospace display platforms F-16 Gulfstream G 550 Boeing 777 Space Shuttle Clean Room

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Avionics Display System Characteristics Stringent Performance Requirements Broad Operating Environments Reliability Safety Certification

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Optical Performance Requirements Viewing Envelope (e.g. + / - 55° ) -High Contrast Ratio -Graylevel Luminance Stability -Chromaticity Stability Sunlight Readability Low reflectance, <1% High Luminance, 100 fL to 250 fL High Resolution Specific chromaticity requirement: R(u’,v’), G(u’,v’), B(u’,v’) -Large color gamut Dimming Range, > 4000:1 High Contrast Ratio (Dark Ambient, Bright Ambient) Fast Video Response Time No Long Term Image Retention (LTIR) NVIS Performance

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Environmental Performance Parameters Include: Temperature range -Operating (- 40 o C to +71 o C) -Storage (- 50 o C to +85 o C) Thermal shock Humidity (to 100 % RH) Salt atmosphere Ambient lighting (dark to direct sunlight) EMI (susceptibility and emissions) Mechanical shock and vibrations

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 6 AM LCD Development for B777 Boeing 777 Flight Deck Honeywell D-Size (Multi-Gap & Halftone Grayscale) display (6.7” x 6.7” size)

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Halftone NB TN LCD Concept and Pixel Design Halftone NB TN LCD Pixel design Rel Luminance (%) Applied Voltage (V) -- 4 Normal viewing angle Upper viewing angle Lower viewing angle Electro-optic response of typical TN LCD

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Vertical Viewing improvement in TN AM LCD Vertical Viewing Angle improvement TN Mode LCD using Halftone grayscale (used for initial B 777 Displays, and Space Shuttle) 60° Left Right 60° Upper 60° Lower Halftone Grayscale 60° Left Right 60° Upper 60° Lower Conventional Grayscale Inversion CR= CR=5

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Honeywell D-Size AM LCD Adapted in Space Shuttle Space Shuttle Cockpit with D-Size AM LCDs

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 10 LCD Modes used in wide viewing angle AM LCD development Normally Black (NB) with multi-gap and Halftone grayscale Normally White (NW) TN with Compensation Film Multi-domain vertical alignment (MVA) In-plane switching (IPS)

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Homogeneous orientation with a small pre-tilt In-plane electrodes rotate the director along the field direction Very wide viewing angle Good response time for all graylevels IPS Mode LCD For Wide Viewing Angle

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment (MVA) LCD Pixel Protrusion on CF side Protrusion on TFT side 4-domain OFF - State ON - State Schematic illustration of the MVA Mode LCD

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Field of View Contrast Ratio in the MVA LCD Developed This 14.1” MVA AM LCD is used in both Portrait and Landscape Orientations

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 14 MVA AM LCD Cockpit Gulfstream G 550 Flight Deck utilizing 14.1” MVA AM LCD

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Continuing LCD Technology Evolution / Developments Significant Development Items Include: Wide viewing angle performance enhancements One-drop fill (enabled very large display sizes) Response time improvement technologies LED backlighting (enabled dynamic backlight control) LTPS and AOS TFT technology advances QD (quantum dot) enhanced backlighting (Wide Color Gamut, WCG) HDR technologies

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Future Display and Crew Interface Technologies for Aerospace OLEDS Flexible Displays Other User Interface Technologies -Touch -Gestures -Speech -Eye tracking -Pilot cognitive state monitoring

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. AM LCD Vs. AM OLED Comparison AM OLED Structure Superior image quality A dominant technology for smart phones Growing large screen TV applications Can enable full color flexible displays AM LCD Structure Front Polarizer Front Glass OLED Device Layers R G B R G B G B Rear Glass w/TFT Array & Row/Column Drivers OLED Requires Fewer components….Potentially Lower Cost Diffuser Rear Glass w/TFT Array & Row/Column Drivers Front Polarizer Front Glass with Color Filters Liquid Crystal Layer Rear Polarizer Heater glass G R B LED Backlight

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 18 OLED Technology Opportunities and Challenges Opportunities for avionic displays: SWaP (Size, Weight and Power) savings Superior broad temperature performance -Higher temperature operation does not degrade optical performance -Lower temperature operation does not degrade response time and does not require a heater to compensate as in an LCD. Superior image and video performance -Wide viewing angle -Wide color gamut (> 100% NTSC achievable) -Sub-millisecond response time to support high frame rate displays Challenges in application to avionic displays: Strategies for differential emitter ageing compensation OLED emitter (pixel) lifetime limitations at high luminance levels Wide dynamic range dimming coupled to display operation, unlike in LCD where backlight is used to dim the display. Current supply chain capacity limitation (dedicated to smart phones and large size TV)

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. Flexible Displays Advantages of flexible displays -Foldable / rollable for transportation and storage -Thin, light weight, and rugged - does not break like glass -Curved /conformal displays -Potential for roll-to-roll processing -Leverages the concurrent Flexible Electronics development efforts Honeywell R&D started with a DARPA sponsored flexible display development program -Low temperature a-Si TFT Process R&D -Flexible plastic backplane and display fabrication R&D 10-in Flexible EPD using O- TFT (Plastic Logic) Flexible OLED Concept Device (UDC) Conformable Cuff Display

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. AM OLED Fabricated on a Flexible Plastic Substrate Developed under DARPA Flexible Display Program ~ Plastic Substrate Light Emission Photograph a processed 4-inch plastic backplane and an AM OLED pixel DARPA Flexible Display Program catalyzed this technology development during This followed ARL creating Flexible Display Center at ASU, with a Gen 2 pilot line for flexible display research in Significant world wide investments in flexible display development with major progress during the past ~ 10 years AM OLED fabricated using thin film encapsulation. Thickness is ~5 mils (2013)

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Current Status of Flexible Displays Impressive technology development and demonstrators at technical conferences and trade shows: Current commercial products using AM OLEDs built on flexible plastic substrates in a rigid (and curved) form factor for their thinness, light weight and “un-breakable” attribute. For e.g., -Samsung Galaxy Edge smart phone -LG Flex smart phone -Apple watch Announcements from several companies on more future flexible display products and applications

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved inch Flexible OLED - LG Display (SID ‘2015 Digest) Flexible OLED Display Technology is Advancing Rapidly to Large Sizes

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Backups

© 2015 by Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Summary Early avionics displays were highly customized to meet the demanding optical and environmental performance requirements of the flight deck. The current avionic display developments leverage the advances in the commercial and industrial displays to reduce the level of customization required to meet the requirements. The future avionic display system performance is expected to continue to be highly demanding due to incorporation of advanced features and functions and higher levels of integration involving other user interface technologies such as touch, voice, gaze, eye tracking etc. The current avionics display developments leverage the advances in the consumer electronics to minimize the customization required to meet the highly demanding future flight deck display and control system performance requirements