1 Guide to APA Style Comments to: Barbara Quintiliano Rev1/2009

2 Elements of APA Style Title page Headings In-text citations --Paraphrases --direct quotes Reference List Elements of APA Style Title page Headings In-text citations --Paraphrases --direct quotes Reference List

3 Documenting your sources Acknowledge each of your sources of information in two ways: Documenting your sources Acknowledge each of your sources of information in two ways: 1.in-text, parenthetical references 2. full citation in your list of references

4 In-text references …also known as parenthetical citations Parenthetical references are brief acknowledgments that you place within parentheses that refer the reader to the full citations in the list of references at the end of your paper. Parenthetical references are brief acknowledgments that you place within parentheses that refer the reader to the full citations in the list of references at the end of your paper. In APA style, parenthetical references usually consist of the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication. In APA style, parenthetical references usually consist of the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication. When you include a direct quotation from one of your sources, you must also add the page number to the in-text reference. When you include a direct quotation from one of your sources, you must also add the page number to the in-text reference.

5 Examples of in-text citing At this stage, “the individual lacks the speed and flexibility of the proficient nurse, but does have a feeling of mastery and the ability to cope with the many contingencies of clinical nursing” (Maynard, 1996, p. 13).Maynard, 1996 Rule: In general, use the author’s (or authors’) last name, a comma, and the year. In general, use the author’s (or authors’) last name, a comma, and the year. A page number is required when a direct quotation is used. A page number is required when a direct quotation is used. Example: Kanzi's linguistic development was slower than that of a human child (Greenfield & Savage-Rumbaugh, 1990).

6 More examples Example: Greenfield and Savage-Rumbaugh (1990) have acknowledged that Kanzi's linguistic development was slower than that of a human child. See: Hacker, Diana. Documenting Sources. APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS. Rule: If the author is used as a part of the sentence, then just place the year in parentheses. Add the year for a direct quotation.

7 A work with three to five authors Identify all authors the first time you cite the source: The chimpanzee Nim was raised by researchers who trained him in American Sign Language by molding and guiding his hands (Terrace, Petitto, Sanders, & Bever, 1979). In subsequent citations, use the first author's name followed by "et al." Nim was able to string together as many as 16 signs, but their order appeared quite random (Terrace et al., 1979).

8 A work with six or more authors Use only the first author's name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or the parentheses. The ape language studies have shed light on the language development of children with linguistic handicaps (Savage-Rumbaugh et al., 1993).

9 List of References The resources in your list of references can be of various types. Each type must have its elements formatted in a particular way. The most common types of resources: Books Chapters or parts of books Journal Articles Websites and electronic documents documents

10 Elements of citations Your citation will contain most of the following, depending on the type: One or more authors An individual title (such as article title) A source title (such as journal title) Publisher Date URL (or Web address) Volume/numbering Paging

11 Typical journal article citation Joorabchi, B., & Devries, J. M. (1996). Evaluation of clinical competence: The gap between expectation clinical competence: The gap between expectation and performance. Pediatrics Today, 97(2), and performance. Pediatrics Today, 97(2), Arrange authors as for book citations. Article title & subtitle: First word ONLY capitalized. Title of journal: ALL important words Capitalized. Use italics. volume number: underlined or capitalized, like the journal title. Issue number: Use normal type. Place in parentheses. NO SPACE! Inclusive paging

12 More than one author (up to six) and Editor instead of author Stock, G., & Campbell, J. (Eds.).(2000). Engineering the human genome: An exploration of the science and human genome: An exploration of the science and ethics of altering the genes we pass to our children. ethics of altering the genes we pass to our children. New York: Oxford University Press. New York: Oxford University Press. Two or more authors: Separate by commas. Place an ampersand before the final author. Use abbrev. Ed. or Eds. in parentheses for editors. (book example)

13 List up to six authors by last names followed by initials. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and." If there are more than six authors, list the first six and "et al." (meaning "and others") to indicate that there are others. Sloan, F. A., Stout, E. M., Whetten-Goldstein, K., Jameson, E., Ellis, R.A., Liang, L., et al. (2000). Six or more authors

14 How about online articles that have no pagination? When an online article does not include page numbers, you can include any of the following in the text to cite the quotation (from p. 120 of the Publication Manual): --- A paragraph number, if provided; alternatively, you could count --- A paragraph number, if provided; alternatively, you could count paragraphs down from the beginning of the document. paragraphs down from the beginning of the document. --- An overarching heading plus a paragraph number within that section. --- An overarching heading plus a paragraph number within that section. --- Nothing. Just put quotation marks around the words you're using, which the reader can use as a search string. --- Nothing. Just put quotation marks around the words you're using, which the reader can use as a search string. However, it is always a good idea to find out your professor’s preference!

15 Books author's name – use initials only instead of first and middle names date date book title – either underlined or in italics – first word only capitalized book title – either underlined or in italics – first word only capitalized place of publicationplace of publication name of the publishername of the publisher Selfridge-Thomas, J. (1997). Emergency nursing : An essential guide for patient care. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. guide for patient care. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. authordatetitle place of publication publisher INDENTION: The first line begins at the left-hand margin. After that, each line of the citation is indented 5 spaces. subtitle

16 Citation for a chapter or part of a book Roy, A. (1995). Psychiatric emergencies. In H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. (6th ed., pp ). Baltimore: psychiatry. (6th ed., pp ). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Williams & Wilkins. Author, year of publication and title of part Followed by the word In and information on the book Edition of book (if other than the first) Inclusive page numbers of chapter or part.

17 Citing a website entire Web site Q: How do I cite an entire Web site (but not a specific document on that site)? entire Web site just the text (NOTHING in the list of references) A: When citing an entire Web site, it is sufficient to give the address of the site in just the text (NOTHING in the list of references). For example, Kidspsych is a wonderful interactive web site for children ( From APAstyle.org Frequently asked questions.

18 Non-periodical Web document or a document from a website Archer, Z. (n.d.). Exploring nonverbal communication. Retrieved July 18, 2001, from Retrieved July 18, 2001, from Include: Author or organization Title of the document (underlined or in italics) Date of creation or last update of article Use (n.d.) if no date is given Use (n.d.) if no date is given Date of retrieval URL (Web address) For more details see APA Electronic Style Citations in Text of Electronic Material

19 Electronic journal articles Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment. Social Science Research, 29(4), doi: /ssre Social Science Research, 29(4), doi: /ssre doi: /ssre If the journal is also available in print, simply cite the article as you would a print journal article, but add the doi (digital object identifier) number. NOTE: Many professors at Villanova do not require the doi number. Ask your professors for their preference. If they do not require the doi number, then just record the citation the same way you would a print article. If you retrieved the article from an online database, see the next slide for more details 

20 Articles retrieved from electronic databases To cite an article from an electronic database, include the publication information from the source. End the citation with your date of access, the name of the database, URL (web address) and either the doi or the article accession number. Holliday, R. E., & Hayes, B. K. (2001). Dissociating automatic and intentional processes in children's eyewitness memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 75(1), 1-5. Retrieved February 21, 2001, from Academic OneFile (A ).

21 APA Format of papers

22 Suggested title page …but always check with professor for his/her preferences. Place these items just above the center of the page See rules for page numbering and page header From

23 Most common headings for undergraduate and graduate papers: Level 1 heading From:

24 For more detailed undergraduate and graduate papers: Levels 1 and 3 From:

25 Additional Resources The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th ed. Available at the Information Desk: REF BF 76.7.P Hacker, Diana. Research and Documentation Online. APA Style: The Social Sciences (in-text citing) APA List of References APA Manuscript Format Sample paper, APA Style APA Online. Electronic References. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Writing Center. APA Documentation.

26 Highly recommended Falvey provides access to RefWorks and EndNote, two software packages that will help you save time doing the mechanics of APA documentation. Learn more about these products: RefWorks and EndNote Highly recommended Falvey provides access to RefWorks and EndNote, two software packages that will help you save time doing the mechanics of APA documentation. Learn more about these products: RefWorks and EndNote

27 Questions about APA Style, RefWorks or EndNote?? Contact  Barbara Quintiliano x95207 (off campus: ) OR  Call research support x94273 (off campus: ) x94273 (off campus: )

28 The End The End