Immunity Feel free to review chapter 6.3 as well.

11.1 Antibody production and vaccination. Smallpox: At least 300 million people killed between 1900 and 1979.

11.1NOS1: Consider ethical implications of research: Jenner tested his vaccine for smallpox on a child. t4MlQ t4MlQ

11.1U1 : Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of their cells. They are found on your cells, viruses, pollen, bacteria, and essentially all cells.

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Markers may be proteins or polysaccharides.

H1N1…. Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

11.1U2: B Lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals ROUGH NOTES -- IGNORE Leukocytes: white blood cells. Phagocytes (innate immune system) Macrophages (engulf pathogens) B cells (produce antibodies) Antibodies: proteins that …. Lymphocytes (T cells and mature b cells) – Helper T cells mature after macrophage antigen presentation…. Effector T cells and Memory T cells.

11.1U2: B Lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals

Immune response to challenge. macrophages are white blood cells. They bind to antigens on the surface of the pathogen and engulf them through phagocytosis. These cells attack anything that is not us (this causes problems for transplant patients). This is a non-specific immune response.

Macrophage engulfing TB bacteria Scanning electron micrograph of methicilin- resistant Staphylococcus bacteria (MRSA) bacteria (yellow) being ingested

Antigen Presentation Macrophages present the antigens from engulfed pathogens on their surface. These are fragments of proteins that can serve as identification of invading pathogens. Lymphocytes (Helper T cells) bind to the presented antigen and are activated. Lymphocytes (B cells) produce different antibodies and also bind to pathogens and attach antigens to their surface. T cells which recognize the antigen on the B cells, send a signal message to the specific B cells to multiply. This is called clonal selection.

Antibodies: bind to antigens Antigens: generate antibodies

11.1U4: Activated B cells multiply to form a clone of plasma cells and memory cells 11.1U3 Plasma cells secrete antibodies

11.1U5: Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens

11.1U6: Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells

11.1U7: Vaccinations contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause disease

11.1U8: Pathogens can be species-specific, although others can cross species boundaries

11.1U9: White cells release histamine in response to allergens

11.1U10: Histamines casue allergic reactions

11.1U11: Fusion of a tumor cell with an antibody producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell

11.1U12: Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells

11.1A1: Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.

11.1A2: Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination

11.1A3: Monoclonal antibodies to hGC are used in pregnancy tests.

11.1S1: Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programs.

Polio Also called infantile paralysis. 90% of cases are mild and have no long term effects. 1% results in paralysis or death by damaging the central nervous system. Vaccine created in the 1950s (my grandmother cried) Ted Polio Talk Syria: peace and public health.