The Plant Kingdom Chapter 4:1 and 2 (Photosynthesis)

What is a Plant?  Autotrophs  Sun powered  Convert sunlight and CO 2 into food and oxygen  Multicellular  Cells organized into different types of tissue  Leaves, roots, stem, vascular, etc.  Eukaryotes  Contain a nucleus  Enclosed by a cell wall (made of cellulose)

Cell Structures of Plants

Adaptations for Living on Land  Plants on Land need to:  Obtain water and nutrients  Retain water  Transport materials  Support the plant  Reproduce  Water plants (algae in water)  Obtain water and nutrients from the water around them  Held up by the water  Water helps sperm get to eggs for reproduction

 Obtaining water  Roots/root hairs absorb water from the soil  Retaining water  Cuticle – waxy, waterproof layer on leaves  Transporting Materials  Small plants – move from cell to cell  Larger plants – vascular tissue  Tubelike structure that transport water and nutrients up and food downward and throughout the plant  Xylem and Phloem  Support  Cell wall and vascular tissue  Reproduction  Sexual reproduction

How Plants are Classified: 2 major groups Non VascularVascular Seed plants Seedless plants AngiospermsGymnosperms Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Non Vascular Plants Bryophytes  No vascular system  Grow low to the ground  Do not have root systems  Live in damp, shady places  Thin cell walls alaska/webquest/plants/moss.htm&h=255&w=340&sz=20&hl=en&start=4&tbnid=BgVVCfmSb1TGyM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=119&prev=/ images%3Fq%3Dmosses%2Band%2Bliverworts%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den

Vascular Plants  Contain vascular tissue which allows them to live in moist and dry environments  Provides strength, stability, and support so these plants can grow tall

 Ferns (over 12,000 species)  Club mosses and Horsetails  Reproduce by making spores

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (seed plants)  Gymnosperms  Plants that do NOT form flowers or fruits  Naked seeds  Angiosperms  Plants that produce seeds that are surrounded by fruit  Enclosed seeds

Life Cycle of plants  Plant Life Cycle Plants have complex life cycles that consist of two stages—the sporophyte stage and the gametophyte stage 2 stages Sporophyte Gametophyte

Photosynthesis  Sunlight is absorbed by the chlorophyll in plants  This provides energy for food to be made  Raw materials are converted into a sugar (carbohydrate)  Raw materials for making food are  Carbon dioxide  Water

Carbon dioxide and Water are the raw ingredients for Photosynthesis Oxygen and Glucose are the products of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis Equation Carbon dioxide + Water Sugar + Oxygen Light Energy 6CO H 2 O C 6 H 12 O O 2 Food is stored in roots, stems, leaves and/or fruits.

So why are Plants so Important?  They provide a direct food source for humans  We eat plants  They provide an indirect food source for humans  We eat animals that eat plants  They produce oxygen for us to breathe  They take up Carbon dioxide that we breathe out  We get many medicines from plants

Chapter 4:1,2 Review What plant structure stores water? Vacuole What do plant cells contain that help provide structural support? A rigid cell wall What plant structure reduces water loss from evaporation? The cuticle What substance makes the leaves of a plant appear green? Chlorophyll What are 3 characteristics that all plants have? Multicellular, autotrophs, eukaryotes What plant structure opens and closes to let water and gases in and out? Stomata

In what part of the plant cell does photosynthesis take place in? The chloroplast Groups of cells that perform a similar function are called. Tissues A sperm and an egg cell join together to form: A zygote Why are vascular plants better suited to survive in dry areas? They can move water and food through the plant quickly What are the 2 stages of a plant’s life cycle? The gametophyte and the sporophyte stages In which stage are the sperm and egg cell produced? The gametophyte stage

What chemical do current day plants share with their algae ancestors? The chlorophyll What material is the cell wall made of? Cellulose What are the characteristics of non vascular plants? They are low growing, and grow in damp, shady places The process of making food from sunlight is called. photosynthesis What are the products of photosynthesis? Oxygen and glucose What are the raw ingredients of photosynthesis? Carbon dioxide and water and sunlight