The Congress of Vienna The beginning of the 100 years peace.

Objectives List the guiding principles at the Congress of Vienna Explain how European powers maintained order and stability in the years following the Congress of Vienna Describe the effect of Metternich and liberalism on Europe

Do Now What were the guiding principles of the Congress of Vienna?

Objectives List the guiding principles at the Congress of Vienna Explain how European powers maintained order and stability in the years following the Congress of Vienna Describe the effect of Metternich and liberalism on Europe

Review questions 1.What countries made up the “Big Four” at the Congress of Vienna? 2.What were the principles of compensation, legitimacy and balance of power? 3.How did the Congress of Vienna redraw the map of Europe? 4.What was the purpose of the Quadruple/Quintuple Alliances? 5.What was the purpose of the Holy Alliance? 6.How did Metternich prevent revolutionary ideas from spreading w/i the German Confederation? 7.Why was the Greek Independence movement successful? 8.What were the results of the Congress of Vienna?

Define the following Terms Congress of Vienna: the European conference held at Vienna, Austria from September 1814 to June 1815 to settle the territorial problems left by the Napoleonic Wars Key Principles of the Congress of Vienna: –Compensation: Indemnity: Compensation paid to a nation for damages inflicted on it, as in a war –Balance of Power: no one nation was strong enough to threaten another nation –Legitimacy: Involved restoring former ruling families to their throne

Main Objectives It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: Reduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict. It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: Reduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

Napoleon escaped from Elba when the Congress of Vienna was in session

The Congress continues…with the idea that Napoleon will eventually be defeated. They send the Duke of Wellington to assemble an army.

After a 100 day in power, Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo in Belgium.

Louis XVIII comes back again, and the policies of the Congress of Vienna are now in place.

Key Players at Vienna The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Czar Alexander I (Rus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Metternich was by far the most important leader. He was the “architect” of the Congress.

Key Principles Established at Vienna Compensation –Wanted to make sure that the French would not attack another country again –Wanted to Punish France and Napoleon’s allies France was punished for Napoleon’s brief takeover: it had to give up land and over 700,000,000 francs to help pay for the costly distraction of Waterloo. Redrew the map of Europe –Territory was taken away from Napoleon’s allies and given to other countries –Napoleon’s enemies rewarded with land

Key Principles Established at Vienna Balance of Power: –France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon. –Russia (part of Poland), Prussia (Saxony, part of Poland and Germany) and Austria (parts of Italy and Germany) are all given territory –German Confederation: Confederation of 39 states (including Prussia) controlled by Austria.

The Confederation of the Rhine, as set up by Napoleon, remained.

The German Confederation, 1815

Italy remained a mix of Kingdoms, Republics and the Papal States.

France’s borders were reduced to those of pre-revolutionary France (1789)

Prussia’s borders were set.

Europe as a result of the Congress of Vienna

Key Principles Established at Vienna Legitimacy: Only rulers from families before the French Revolution should be put back on the throne. In France, Louis XVIII accepted the throne, –Constitutional monarchy

Quadruple Alliance Quadruple Alliance: Formed November 20, 1815 to enforce the peace settlement written at the Congress of Vienna – It was an alliance between Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Great Britain. –Pledged to act together to maintain balance of power and suppress revolutionary uprisings following the French Revolution.

Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia all signed a Quadruple Alliance.

Quintuple Alliance Quintuple Alliance: Alliance formed after France fulfilled the terms of the peace settlement. Prussia, Austria, Russia, Great Britain and France.

Concert of Europe Concert of Europe: Alliance formed out of Quadruple Alliance in which members promised to maintain the balance of power established by the Cong. of Vienna. (Status Quo) –Would stop any revolutions –Maintained the balance of power/peace in Europe until the outbreak of World War I (1914).

Holy Alliance Holy Alliance (Sept. 26, 1815): Alliance formed by Russia’s Alexander I in which the members (Austria, Russia, Prussia) pledged themselves to rule as Christian princes. Reactionaries: Extremists who not only opposed change but generally would like to return to the way things were before certain changes occurred –wanted to stop the spread of Republicanism and secularism that resulted from the French Revolutionary Wars –Great Britain, the Turkish Sultan and the pope refused to sign –Ended as the result of the Crimean War

Rise of Conservatism Conservatism arose in reaction to liberalism & became a popular alternative for those who were frightened by the violence unleashed by the French Revolution. Conservatives were people who opposed the ideals of the French Revolution Supported the rights and powers of royalty Did not encourage individual rights or equal rights Metternich wanted conservatism Support for conservatism: Came from the traditional ruling class.

Liberalism Liberalism: Political movement extending the principles of the American and French Revolutions, stressing individual rights and the rule of law rather than the rule of a monarch Liberalism was defined by freedoms – freedom of speech, religion, and the press Liberalism stressed constitutional monarchies

In the years to come, Metternich would suppress any sign of revolution…he used secret spies, censored papers, and suppressed students.

The Metternich system was adopted by other countries. Their leaders supported spying, informants, and suppression.

Carlsbad Decrees Carlsbad Decrees: Agreement between Metternich and the leaders of the larger states of the German Confederation at Carlsbad in Bohemia Adopted measures known as the Carlsbad Decrees –Decrees placed students and faculty members (universities) under strict watch –Censored newspapers and periodicals (magazines) –Authorized an organization to search for revolutionary activities (spies)

Greek Independence Nationalism upset the international order when the Greeks revolted against the Ottoman Turks Influenced by Metternich, European rulers ignored Greeks pleas for aid Russia, Great Britain and France went against the Metternich and brought pressure on the Ottoman sultan Treaty of Adrianople Treaty of Adrianople (1829): Greece becomes an independent state Greece on the Ruins of Missilonghi by Delacroix, 1827

Results of the Congress of Vienna Concert of Europe Temporary suppression of democratic and nationalistic ideals International peace – no general war in Europe until World War I a hundred years later –Crimean War ( ) –Austro-Prussian War (1866) –Franco-Prussian War ( )

Review questions 1.What countries made up the “Big Four” at the Congress of Vienna? 2.What were the principles of compensation, legitimacy and balance of power? 3.How did the Congress of Vienna redraw the map of Europe? 4.What was the purpose of the Quadruple/Quintuple Alliances? 5.What was the purpose of the Holy Alliance? 6.How did Metternich prevent revolutionary ideas from spreading w/i the German Confederation? 7.Why was the Greek Independence movement successful? 8.What were the results of the Congress of Vienna?