Chapter 4 Section 2
Leaders of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia meet in Vienna, Sept.1814 Called the Congress of Vienna Klemens von Metternich was the leader of the Congress Wanted everyone to work together to keep kings in power Rulers that ruled before Napoleon would be put back in power Called the Principle of Legitimacy
European rules believed in Conservatism ◦ Keeping things the same, (monarchy) Congress also agreed to meet periodically Their meetings were called the Concert of Europe Principle of Intervention ◦ If a revolution broke out in one country, Concert of Europe stop it
1. Liberalism ◦ Political philosophy that came from Enlightenment ◦ Said that people should be as free from gov’t rule as possible ◦ All people are equal ◦ Liberals wanted a Bill of Rights ◦ Separation of church and state ◦ Limited monarchy ◦ Representative gov’t
2. Nationalism ◦ People began to feel that they were the nation, not the king ◦ A threat to kings and empires
3. Revolutionary Outbursts ◦ 1830, Liberalism and nationalism start wars ◦ Nationalist revolts in France, Belgium, and Dutch Republic ◦ Concert of Europe sent armies to crush many of these rebellions
1. Another French Revolution ◦ People of France wanted Universal Male Suffrage All men given the right to vote ◦ A Republic was established and Louis Napoleon elected president
2. Trouble in German States ◦ Germany made up of 38 independent states ◦ Called the German Confederation ◦ Austria and Prussia were most powerful states ◦ German rulers promised constitutions and Universal Male Suffrage ◦ Rulers never followed through
3. Revolutions in Central Europe ◦ Austria was a multinational state Collection of different races and ethnic groups ◦ Austria ruled by the Hapsburgs, German- speaking elite ◦ 1848, Revolution breaks out, but Russia helps stop it
4. Revolts in Italian States ◦ Italy controlled by Austria ◦ Italy made up of 9 states ◦ 1848, Italians try to revolt against Austria ◦ 1849, Austria reestablished control