NATION BUILDING AND NATIONIONALISM America: Past and Present Chapter 9

Expansion and Migration American perspective shifts from Europe to West after 1815 American perspective shifts from Europe to West after 1815 Land perceived as rich, unsettled Land perceived as rich, unsettled Continent held in part by the English, Spanish, and Indians Continent held in part by the English, Spanish, and Indians

North America, 1819

Settlement to the Mississippi: Indian Removal Indian Removal policy begins after 1815 Indian Removal policy begins after 1815 Some Southern states claim jurisdiction over the Indians in their borders Some Southern states claim jurisdiction over the Indians in their borders Former Indian land sold to speculators Former Indian land sold to speculators

Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move In By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lives west of the Appalachians By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lives west of the Appalachians Speculators sell land parcels to settlers on credit Speculators sell land parcels to settlers on credit Settlers immediately enter commercial farming to pay off debt Settlers immediately enter commercial farming to pay off debt

The People and Culture of the Frontier West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil Settlers bring culture with them Settlers bring culture with them Cooperation, strong community necessary for survival Cooperation, strong community necessary for survival Price rise encourages rootlessness as many sell out and move on Price rise encourages rootlessness as many sell out and move on

Roads and Steamboats National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia Private turnpikes built by entrepreneurs Private turnpikes built by entrepreneurs Roads useful but unprofitable Roads useful but unprofitable

The Canal Boom Erie Canal first transportation link between East and West, 1825 Erie Canal first transportation link between East and West, 1825 Canal cuts East-West transportation costs dramatically Canal cuts East-West transportation costs dramatically Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York City Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York City

The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture Lower transportation costs mean greater income for the farmer Lower transportation costs mean greater income for the farmer Sale to distant markets involves farmers in a complex system of credit Sale to distant markets involves farmers in a complex system of credit Market stimulates specialization Market stimulates specialization  Ohio Valley produces wheat  Lower South produces cotton

Commerce and Banking Commercial farming stimulates new system of marketing Commercial farming stimulates new system of marketing Farmers borrow on future crops Farmers borrow on future crops Use of credit stimulates banking Use of credit stimulates banking State banks increase after 1812 State banks increase after Second Bank of the United States created to check state banks Second Bank of the United States created to check state banks Bank’s easy credit sparks Panic of 1819 Bank’s easy credit sparks Panic of 1819

The Republicans in Power Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures after War of 1812 Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures after War of 1812  1815: establish high tariffs  1816: charter a national bank  federal aid for internal improvements Federal efforts to stimulate economy falter Federal efforts to stimulate economy falter  Madison, Monroe see Constitutional conflicts  Efforts provoke sectional conflict

Monroe as President James Monroe elected President in 1816, reelected in 1820 James Monroe elected President in 1816, reelected in 1820 Monroe seeks national harmony Monroe seeks national harmony Takes no action in Panic of 1819, believes president above such matters Takes no action in Panic of 1819, believes president above such matters Provides no leadership controversy over Missouri Provides no leadership controversy over Missouri

The Missouri Compromise: The Issues Missouri applies for statehood as slave state Missouri applies for statehood as slave state Northerners believe South over- represented in House of Representatives Northerners believe South over- represented in House of Representatives House rejects unless slavery abolished House rejects unless slavery abolished South wishes to preserve balance between slave states and free states South wishes to preserve balance between slave states and free states Missouri admitted as slave state Missouri admitted as slave state Maine admitted as free state Maine admitted as free state Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36E30’ Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36E30’

The Missouri Compromise,

Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court John Marshall chief justice John Marshall chief justice Marshall uses position to encourage national growth Marshall uses position to encourage national growth Believes Constitution exists to protect the industrious Believes Constitution exists to protect the industrious Protects individual property rights against government interference Protects individual property rights against government interference Marshall uses court decisions to limit powers of the states Marshall uses court decisions to limit powers of the states

Nationalism in Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrine When Latin American nations revolt, U.S. supports new republics When Latin American nations revolt, U.S. supports new republics European ruling classes fear rebellion might prove contagious European ruling classes fear rebellion might prove contagious France was encouraged to squelch Spain's rebellious colonies France was encouraged to squelch Spain's rebellious colonies Great Britain asks U.S. to cooperate against French in Latin America Great Britain asks U.S. to cooperate against French in Latin America

Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Monroe Doctrine (2) Monroe persuaded that U.S. alone must protect Latin American independence Monroe persuaded that U.S. alone must protect Latin American independence Monroe Doctrine warns European nations out of the Western Hemisphere Monroe Doctrine warns European nations out of the Western Hemisphere Doctrine also promises U.S. will not interfere in European affairs Doctrine also promises U.S. will not interfere in European affairs Refocuses U.S. from worldwide struggles against tyranny to national development Refocuses U.S. from worldwide struggles against tyranny to national development

The Troubled Presidency of John Quincey Adams James Monroe supports John Quincy Adams to succeed him James Monroe supports John Quincy Adams to succeed him Adams intelligent, keen interest in progress, loyal to nation, not sectional Adams intelligent, keen interest in progress, loyal to nation, not sectional Nearly loses election of 1824 Nearly loses election of 1824 A "gentleman" in an age of rising democracy A "gentleman" in an age of rising democracy Term of office fails because of fiercely contending sectional interests Term of office fails because of fiercely contending sectional interests

The End of the “Era of Good Feelings” There were sharp divisions over how to achieve national greatness There were sharp divisions over how to achieve national greatness Elite nonpartisan statesmanship would soon give way to a more contentious democratic process Elite nonpartisan statesmanship would soon give way to a more contentious democratic process