An Era of Nationalism

Nationalism a feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries

The Market Revolution Market economy- a capitalistic economic system in which there is free competition and prices are determined by the interaction of supply and demand.

Specialization on the farm, the growth of cities, industrialization, and the development of modern capitalism resulted in a market revolution Self-sufficient households were replaced by increasing interdependence Standard of living increased for most At the same time, other challenges and problems arose

Women in the Workforce The nature of work changed for women Women were gaining some more control over their lives Employment for women usually meant domestic service or teaching (factory jobs for women were not common) The majority of working women were single

Social Mobility Real wages for most urban workers rose in the early 1800s The gap between rich and poor increased Social mobility from one generation to the next did occur Economic opportunity was greater in the U.S. than in Europe Rise of the middle class

Industrialization resulted in boom and bust cycles.

Analyze the causes and effects of nationalism on domestic policy during the years following the War of Describe the impact of nationalism on the nation’s foreign policy. Summarize the struggle over the issue of slavery as the nation grew. Objectives

Terms and People nationalism – a spirit of loyalty and devotion to one’s country Henry Clay – a leading advocate of economic nationalism who proposed the American System American System – Clay’s plan for federally sponsored internal improvements and protective tariffs to promote commerce and link all sections of the U.S.

Terms and People (continued) John Quincy Adams – Secretary of State under James Madison and son of President John Adams Adams-Onís Treaty – treaty negotiated by John Quincy Adams to purchase Florida from Spain Monroe Doctrine – policy warning European monarchies not to interfere with Latin American republics in return for U.S. non- interference

Terms and People (continued) Missouri Compromise – 1820 compromise balancing the admission of Missouri as a slave state with the admission of Maine as a free state and setting a line across the continent dividing future free and slave states

After the War of 1812, nationalism affected economic and foreign policy and began to create a sense of national identity. Supreme Court rulings supported nationalism by favoring federal power. How did domestic and foreign policies reflect the nationalism of the times?

Elections of 1812 and ex.html

Under President James Monroe, the Democratic Republicans enjoyed an “era of good feelings.” The party backed nationalistic economic policies that used federal power to assist business and industry. This focus on business was a change from the government’s earlier support of agriculture and a weak federal government. With so little political fighting, some believed that political parties might disappear.

Henry Clay campaigned for a nationalistic economic policy called the American System, which included: high tariffs to protect industrial growth. road and canal construction, called internal improvements, to link the different sections of the nation. Clay believed the different regions could work together for the prosperity of the entire nation.

Clay wanted reestablishment of a national bank to control the nation’s money supply and banking. The First National Bank’s charter expired in Private and state banks were printing their own money, causing widespread uncertainty in value. Clay argued that control over the nation’s money supply and banking would restore confidence. As a result, Congress established the Second Bank of the United States in Second Bank of the U.S.

The Supreme Court continued to strengthen federal power under Chief Justice John Marshall Marshall first applied Federalist principles when he supported Judicial Review in Marbury v. Madison. In Dartmouth College v. Woodward and Fletcher v. Peck Marshall limited the power of state governments to interfere with business contracts. A Nationalistic Supreme Court

The state of Maryland tried to tax a branch of the Second National Bank. Marshall ruled that the power to tax is the power to destroy and a state can’t use taxes to destroy a bank created by Congress. The ruling broadly defined commerce and the power of Congress to control it. In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Marshall asserted the superiority of federal law over state laws.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Based upon Commerce Clause of the Constitution NY gave Ogden a license to operate a steamboat ferry between NY and NJ. Gibbons also operated steamboats and Ogden took him to court saying that NY had given Ogden exclusive rights. S.C. ruled that Congress had the power to regulate trade that crossed state lines

An interconnected national economy resulted in cycles of “boom or bust.” During busts farmers often blamed the banks for their difficulties.

Authors like James Fenimore Cooper (The Leatherstocking Tales) created a genre of frontier adventure stories. Painters celebrated America’s beauty in the landscapes of the Hudson River School. An “American Renaissance” in art and literature reflected the nationalism of the era.

Paintings like Jasper Cropsey’s 1859 Autumn on the Hudson celebrated the beauty of the wild American land.

Sharing Oregon President Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams were both staunch nationalists in terms of foreign policy Treaty of 1818 – Americans were permitted to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada – Northern boundary of the Louisiana territory was established at the 49 th parallel – Oregon territory was to be jointly occupied for 10 years

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President Monroe feared France or Spain might retake newly independent republics in Latin America. Monroe warned European powers against intervention in the Western Hemisphere In 1823 the United States was incapable of enforcing the Monroe Doctrine, but in time it became a cornerstone of American foreign policy. American nationalism was also reflected in the Monroe Doctrine.

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Monroe’s Doctrine Appraised The doctrine had little practical significance at the time It was an expression of America’s post-1812 nationalist spirit The U.S. did not have the military power to back it up (the British navy was, in fact, what stood between the Americas and the European powers)

United States policy toward Florida reflected nationalism. In 1818, Andrew Jackson invaded Florida to fight the Seminole Indians who harbored runaway slaves. Madison’s Secretary of State John Quincy Adams concluded the Adams- Onís Treaty by which the United States purchased Florida from Spain.

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In 1819, Missouri sought admission as a slave- owning state. Acceptance would upset the balance between free and slave-owning states in the U.S. Senate. A northern proposal to ban slavery as the price of Missouri’s admission caused debate. The slavery debate worried many. Thomas Jefferson likened it to a “fire-bell in the night.” Despite nationalistic feelings, sectional differences remained strong.

Maine and Missouri became states together—one free, the other slave. A line was drawn across the territories; any new state south of Missouri’s southern border would be slave, anything north free. Henry Clay averted a crisis with the Missouri Compromise of Still, Southerners were worried. They blamed the 1822 Denmark Vessey plot on the Missouri debate.