Neutrality Acts to Lend-Lease Act (1935)The U.S. could not sell or loan money to nations at war. This was due to Anti-war sentiment. Cash and Carry by (1937 and renewed in 1939) The Lend- Lease Act (1941) the U.S supplied allied forces with massive aid.

FDR supports China The Attack of Manchuria in 1931 and the later attacks on China 1937 was in direct conflict with the U.S. goal of keeping an open trade policy in Asia.

Export Control Act We passed an embargo (no selling of strategic goods) as part of the Export Control Act against Japan. This weakened their ability to wage war.

Pearl Harbor Japan upset over U.S. embargo of Strategic materials (oil, steel, etc..) and our giving China weapons in U.S. is only nation in their way. 12/7/41 “A Day that will Live in infamy” (FDR)

African Americans in WWII African Americans in segregated units and most kept from combat roles Dorrie Miller from Pearl Harbor.

At the beginning of the war, the United States military was completely segregated. African Americans were organized into their own military units with white officers in command. In the army, African Americans also performed well, receiving various awards for distinguished service. Segregation did not end during the war, but led to full military integration in 1948

Due to racial discrimination, African American servicemen were not allowed to learn to fly until 1941, when African American college graduates were selected for what the Army called "an experiment ”. The army air force turned the experiment into the 99th Pursuit Squadron, an African American unit. Known as the Tuskegee Airmen.

When Eleanor Roosevelt visited Tuskegee Army Air Field in 1941, she insisted on taking a ride in an airplane with a black pilot at the controls. ER's pilot was Charles Anderson. ER then insisted that her flight with Anderson be photographed and the film developed immediately so that she could take the photographs back to Washington when she left the field. ER used this photograph as part of her campaign to convince FDR to activate the participation of the Tuskegee Airmen in North Africa and in the European Theater.

In June 1943, the Tuskegee Airmen entered into combat over North Africa. The airmen They were involved in more than 15,000 attacks, completing over 1,500 missions during the war. They never lost an escorted bomber to enemy fighters. No other escort unit could claim such a record. When the war ended, the Tuskegee Airmen returned home with 150 Distinguished Flying Crosses, Legions of Merit and the Red Star of Yugoslavia

Executive Order 8802 No discrimination against workers in defense industries or in the government A. Phillip Randolph (labor union leader) leads march on Washington 1941 FEPC enforces order to ban discrimination in defense industries.

Desegregation of Military Due to the outstanding record of African Americans during WWII Truman desegregates military in 1948.

War Production Board Rationing strategic materials, transitioning factories to help war effort.

Women in WWII Women joined defense industries and took jobs normally occupied by men New styles, opportunities for women

Congress established the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corp (WAAC) Coast Guard, navy, and marines quickly followed the army and set up their own women’s units But were banned from combat In addition to serving in these organizations, another 68,000 women served as nurses

Executive Order 9066 Put Japanese Americans in internment camps To protect America from Japanese spies To protect Japanese Americans from violence after Pearl Harbor

Supreme Court and 9066 It was necessary to put Japanese into camps for national security. There are court cases still out there against our government for doing this.

Tehran and Casablanca Conferences FDR, Stalin and Churchill focused on strategy to defeat Hitler during the war. D-day Getting turkey to enter war.

Navajo Code Talkers They transmitted important messages to U.S. forces. They used their own Navajo language.

Island Hopping U.S. Strategy to acquire bases and move supplies into striking distance of Japan US strategy in Pacific Macarhtur

Douglas Macarthur Helped lead us to victory in Pacific Helped Japan set up government after WWII

Battle of Midway U.S. surprises Japanese Turning point in Pacific battle Code breakers help us win.

By 1945, the Japanese were pushed back to Japan with no way to win the war They refused to give up and kamikaze soldiers made an invasion extremely dangerous

President Roosevelt died a month before the defeat of Germany. Vice President Harry S Truman became president. Although Germany surrendered a few weeks later, Truman needed to make many difficult decisions regarding the war as the battle with Japan intensified

Manhattan Project Team of scientists develop the atomic bomb We drop two on Japan To save American lives What do you think?

To Save American lives we are going to drop the bomb

A Bomb Decision- Truman For Saves American lives Saves Japanese lives No quit in Japanese High casualties in Pacific Against Civilians killed Damage to environment Guilt International pressure and Russia could help bring war to end.

D-day June 6 th 1944 High casualties It is successful and we push Hitler East The Allies attack Hitler in Normandy France.

Operation Overlord The Allied Invasion of occupied Normandy France. Saving Private Ryan We are trying to get Hitler out of France It is also known as D-Day June 6 th 1944.

Holocaust Hitler’s Final Solution killed 6 million Jews Experiments Concentration camps

Nuremburg Trials Trials for Nazi leaders Many were executed for crimes against humanity

United Nations 1945-peacekeeping organization could settle disputes without warfare. It provided a forum to talk out problems. Major super powers including the U.S. were part of this group.

Battle of Iwo Jima Strategically important battle in Pacific We needed it to refuel and repair bombers to hit Japan Hi casualties WWII memorial

Battle of the Bulge Hitler's last tank offensive in France He lost!!

Four Freedoms Speech “We Americans are vitally concerned in your defense of freedom. We are putting forth our energies, our resources, and are organizing powers to give you the strength to regain and maintain a free world. We shall send you, in ever increasing numbers, ships, planes, tanks, guns....” -----Four Freedoms Speech January 6th 1941 FDR is telling the U.S. and our allies that we will be sending Lend- Lease aid.

Korematsu vs. U.S ruling that the exclusion order (9066) was constitutional for Japanese Americans being sent to camps during WWII.

We needed more practice on the following three slides from 1 st Semester

Populist Party Set up to support Farmers and workers “The People’s Party” Supported government regulation of big business Shorter work day/ benefits for workers

Open Door Policy In 1899, the U.S. declared an Open Door Policy (Open Door Notes) which reflected the belief that all countries should have equal trading rights in China. We were not going to be left out.

1 st Amendment/Establishment Clause The establishment clause in the 1 st amendment prohibits (stops) the government from establishing a state religion.