AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CH 26n 21o CLASS NOTES CONCEPTS OF DEVELOPMENT

The Rich and the Poor Developed Countries Undeveloped (Underdeveloped) Countries DevelopING Countries??? All countries at some stage of development though…

GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT- Foreign and Domestic $ (vs. GDP) GNP is one measure of development Data reliability, only counts formal economy

The Gap – GNP Per capita 2002 – Japan per capita GNP = $32,350 USA GNP = $29, – India GNP = $440 Ethiopia GNP = $100 GNP No account for -Dist. of Wealth, -Regional / National Development, -Overall population participation in economy

Core – Periphery Model More equitable way to describe global economic disparities Sensitive to geographical differences & Economic relationships among places

3 Parts of C-P Model (see sheet!!) CORE Regions – Achieved high levels of economic prosperity – global players Semi – Periphery – IN THE MIDDLE: some control, some dependence Periphery – Poor regions dependent on Core regions; not much control over own affairs All supposed to be linked / working as single entity

WHY is Periphery development hampered by own conditions??? Core Policies Political instability Misuse of aid Cultural resistance to Modernization High Birth/Death rates Low age population

Breakdown Development on multi scales local, regional, national, global C-P Model can be used within one region LA is Core of S. CA (regional) Johannesburg is Core of S. Africa (national) Japan is a Core area of World (global)

World Systems Theory By Immanuel Wallerstein Promoting C-P Theory Highlights power relationships among places – political and economic competition (colonialism) Social/Econ. Change of Developing world linked to economic activities of developed world. (Not occur equally)

Models of STATE Development Examine Rate and extent of Econ. Development Liberal Models – Assume all countries are capable of development All countries at same stage on dev. Trajectory Structuralist Models – Disparities exist because things organized in certain ways; hard to change Concentration of wealth, unequal relations

Modernization Model ( liberal ) Walt Rostow (1960s) All countries follow similar 5 stage dev. path 1. Traditional – Subsistence Farming, rigid, opposed to change 2. Preconditions of Takeoff – Progressive leadership moves country forward; openness, diversification

3. Takeoff – (industrial revolution) urbanization, mass production 4. Drive to Maturity – Technologies diffuse, Int. trade expands, modernization 5. High Mass Consumption – High Incomes, workers in service sector, many goods / services

Structuralist Response Rostow model a single path & not account for cultural differences Dependency Theory – Political and Economic relationships between countries/regions control/limit economic development of less well-off Little hope for countries dominated by external powers (colonialism)

Neo – Colonialism - Periphery accuses Core of perpetuating its advantage through economic (new) rather than political (past) forces