James Greaves, Brooks Luther, Jonathan Ledgister, and Thank You for Arguing Give a Persuasive Talk: Ch. 23 Use the Right Tools: Ch. 24 Run an Agreeable Country: Ch. 25 James Greaves, Brooks Luther, Jonathan Ledgister, and

Give a Persuasive Talk Ch. 23 There have always been ways to persuade others with talk whether it be for business, or to get others to side with an opinion. However, all persuasive techniques used for whatever personal gain come from Cicero’s five cannons of persuasion which are: Invention Arrangement Style Memory Delivery

Invention Cicero’s Definition: the process of inventing what you’re going to say to your audience. When using invention it’s important to first determine what it is you want to get from the audience to prevent an off topic argument. You need to decide if you want to “change the audience’s mood, mind, or its willingness to do something” (Heinrichs, pg. 248). It is also important to try to argue both sides of the point you are trying to get across. Arguing both sides will determine what you’re really trying to get across, and will create a rough draft of the argument to come in your head.

Arrangement Cicero’s Definition: the arrangement of your argument after you have invented the basics of it. When arranging an argument it is important to put the order with ethos in the beginning, logos in the middle, and then pathos in the conclusion. For a classical outline the argument should be structured in this order: Introduction- Cicero says the introduction is an exordium because the ethos within the introduction “wins the interest, and the good will of the audience” (Cicero). Narration- Listing your facts and figures or telling the history of the matter (Heinrichs, pg. 250). Division- Lists the points where you and your opponent concur and differ. Proof- What is used in the argument to win. Refutation- The point of your arrangement where you completely destroy your opponent's argument. Conclusion- Restate your important points and uses pathos.

Style Cicero’s Definition: the words used to express your invented and arranged thoughts. There are five virtues needed when using style: Proper Language- Words that suit the occasion and the audience. Clarity- Speaking in a perpetual and synchronized perspective with your audience. Ex: Not speaking like Sheldon (Big Bang Theory) when talking to a group of high school students about texting and driving. Vividness- Works best in the narration part of a speech and is used to bring rhetoric to the audience. Decorum- “The art of fitting in” and as Jay Heinrichs describes it, the most important virtue of all (Heinrichs, pg. 254). Ornament- The rhythm in your voice and the cleverness of your words.

Memory Cicero’s Definition: “the treasure-house of the ideas supplied by invention” (Cicero). Your memory will give you the tools to persuade your opponent, but it is up to you what mental technique you use. Ancient rhetoricians used pornography for their memory however, it obvious that it would strange to use that technique in this era. There are different ways to jog your memory, but a modern technique is to use images. Ex: PowerPoint, presentations, etc.

Delivery Cicero’s Definition: acting out the speech When acting out the speech its important to use your voice and gestures appropriately. Voice- Use volume to project, stability for endurance, and flexibility to vary the tone of your voice for the occasion. Gestures- Consists of physical gestures and facial gestures, both of which can be used separately or in sync.

Ch. 25: Run an Agreeable Country The basis for this chapter is that the U.S has lost the ability to argue Heinrichs says that rhetoric could “help lead us out of our political mess” (274) He states how rhetoric played a role in the creation of the country, but it has declined in use since the creation

Society Heinrichs believes that society’s mindset has destroyed any faith in deliberative debate He also believes that the public thinks “so little of argument, [they] out source it” (280) He closes the chapter by showing a perspective of a rhetorical society, where manipulation is used to one’s advantage and arguments are used sensibly

Channeling Cicero Our country was built on a basis of rhetoric master Cicero Washington, the father of our country, was sometimes called “Cato”, a great Roman senator. Cato called Cicero the father of Rome John Adams considered himself a reincarnation of Cicero Patrick Henry was considered the Cicero who beat all Ciceros (besides the original one)

The Great Attractor Heinrichs states that it is time to create a new corps of rhetorically educated citizens Teachers are including rhetoric in many different courses The AP English exam has a rhetorical component

Thank Kids for Arguing Heinrichs encourages parents to talk to their school board about adding rhetoric to the curriculum in 7th grade He also encourages parents to buy multiple copies of his book and distribute them to English teachers