Renaissance

The Renaissance was ARTISTIC! A R T I S T I C Arrival (birth) of the modern world Rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman cultures Trade started in Italian states Sonnets, essays, and plays (Shakespeare) Trade spread to Northern Europe Italian artists (Michelangelo, da Vinci Individualism is stressed (humanism) Church corruption is criticized

What is the Renaissance? –The “rebirth” of art & learning in Europe following the “middle ages.” Why are the middle ages called the middle ages? Rome ---- Middle Ages --- Renaissance

The Renaissance Where does the Renaissance begin? –Northern Italy Why does the Renaissance begin? –The Crusades cause: Europeans want foreign products. The Crusades cause credit & banking to begin – expands trade – cities in Northern Italy. The church rules against usury. –Usury – the loaning of money for interest Northern Italy becomes secularized & a center of banking –Florence, Venice, Genoa Arabic numerals introduced for accounting

Change from Medieval art to Renaissance Art… Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation, while Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity. Humanism & worldly pleasures - Life on Earth has a purpose - Important to understand HOW things worked - Respected individual achievement

First… Let's look at Medieval art!

What do you see?

Now… Italian Renaissance Art!

Great contributions to art… Perspective Drawing

Perspective Making distant objects smaller than those in the foreground and arranging them to create the illusion of depth on a flat canvas Realistic & Beautiful

Proportion Vetruvian Man (1492) –Da Vinci Blend of art and science Realistic & "Beautiful"

Leonardo da Vinci "Renaissance Man" –Scientist –Mathematician –Engineer –Inventor –Anatomist –Painter –Sculptor –Architect –Musician –Writer

Mona Lisa (1502) –Oil painting on poplar wood Most romanticized, celebrated, and reproduced painting of all time

The Last Supper (1400's) Mural on monastery wall –NOT a fresco

Michelangelo Michelangelo ( ) –Painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer Sculpted "David" and "The Pieta" before he was 30!

The Pieta ( ) St.- Peter's Basilica in Vatican City

Sistine Chapel ( )--A "fresco”

David ( ) –Most recognizable statue in the history of art Commissioned by leaders of Florence –A brave hero facing stronger enemies Contraposto –Standing human figure with shoulders and arms twisted off axis from hips and legs

Writers of the Renaissance Who was Niccolo Machiavelli? –The Prince (1513) A book about leadership and how to lead people Early treatise on government Guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by ABSOLUTE RULE –“Strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox” –“The ends justify the means” What is the vernacular? Books that are written in the common language of the people.

Machiavelli got a bad rap… "…it is better to be feared than loved…” “Strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox” “The ends justify the means”

Cultural Diffusion With the rise of… –TRADE (Wealth) –TRAVEL –LITERACY …Renaissance ideals spread to Northern Europe.

William Shakespeare Poet and Playwright –Regarded as greatest writer in the English language Wrote 37 plays –Plays performed at the Globe Theater Wrote 154 sonnets

Desiderius Erasmus C Dutch humanist and theologian "The Praise of Folly" –Erasmus' essay criticizing the excesses of the Church Considered a catalyst for the Reformation

The Protestant Reformation

The Catholic Church was the “only game in town...” For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church had little competition in religious thought and action. The resistance of the church to change led to the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in the birth of new political and economic institutions.

Problems with the Catholic Church provoked religious reforms: Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury. German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church. The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict. Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury Usury = the lending of money with an interest charge for its use New Auto Loans Get pre-approved for auto financing Auto loan response in minutes Free 45-day rate lock New auto loan rates as low as 4.79% APR* Used Auto Loans Lock in a low APR before you buy Fast, free online auto loan application Find car dealers near you. Used auto loan rates as low as 5.59% APR*

“The chief cause that I fell out with the pope was this: the pope boasted that he was the head of the Church, and condemned all that would not be under his power and authority; for he said, although Christ be the head of the Church, yet, notwithstanding, there must be a corporal head of the Church upon earth.” --Martin Luther: Against Catholicism, 1535 German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church

The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict. "As the Church gradually acquired a disproportionate share of the wealth of Europe, not only in lands but in money, it became more oftener a lender of money than a borrower and it had little difficulty in evading the prohibition of usury in the profitable employment of its capital. It would make loans to a needy noble on the security of his lands, taking a so-called census or ground-rent of one mark for every ten or twelve or fourteen paid down, the borrower being at any time entitled to pay off the debt, while the lender renounced the right to call it in.” (H. C. Lea, Ecclesiastical Treatment of Usury).

Church corruption & the sale of indulgences were widespread & caused conflict Indulgences = pardon that released the buyer from doing penance set by the Church

Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome QUICK DRAWS - create symbols to represent each of the conflicts –Usury; –Domination of the Church; –Church’s great political power and wealth; –Indulgences.

What were the beliefs of Martin Luther? Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition) Views— –Salvation by faith alone; –Bible as the ultimate authority; –all humans equal before God. Actions— –95 theses (list of clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences); –birth of the Protestant Church.

Reformation in Germany Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Pope in their states. The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church. Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).

What were the beliefs of John Calvin? John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition) Views— –Predestination; –Faith revealed by living a righteous life –Work ethic Actions— –Expansion of the Protestant Movement

Predestination “We call God’s eternal decree, by which He determined what He willed to become of each man. For all are not created in equal condition; rather eternal life is ordained for some, eternal damnation for others. --John Calvin’s Institutes

Reformation in France Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked). Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.

Religious Toleration in France Edict of Nantes: “...we have permitted and do permit to those of the Reformed Religion, to live and dwell in all the Cities and places of this our Kingdom and Countreys under our obedience, without being inquired after, vexed, molested, or compelled to do any thing in Religion, contrary to their Conscience, nor by reason of the same be searched after in houses or places where they live, they comporting themselves in other things as is contained in this our present Edict or Statute.”

What were the beliefs of Henry VIII? King Henry VIII (the Anglican tradition) Views— –Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome Actions— –Divorced; broke with Rome; –Headed the national church in England; –Appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England

Reformation in England Anglican Church became a national church throughout the British Isles under Elizabeth I (Henry VIII’s daughter). –She defeats the Spanish Armada The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism.

Thirty Years’ War Fought between Catholics and Protestants from 1618 – 1648 Fought mostly in Germany Participants – France, Germany, Austria, Spain and others...

Catholic Counter Reformation Catholic Church mounted a series of reforms and reasserted its authority. Inquisition was established to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

Some Catholic Reforms... Decree Concerning Indulgences “And being desirous that the abuses which have crept therein, and by occasion of which this honourable name of Indulgences is blasphemed by heretics, be amended and corrected, It ordains generally by this decree, that all evil gains for the obtaining thereof,--whence a most prolific cause of abuses amongst the Christian people has been derived,--be wholly abolished.” DECREE ON REFORMATION -- CHAPTER I Cardinals and all Prelates of the churches shall be content with modest furniture and a frugal table: they shall not enrich their relatives or domestics out of the property of the Church.

Catholic Counter Reformation Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world. Jesuits traveled to Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Poland, Belgium, England, Ireland, Scotland, India, Japan, China, Central America, South America, Paraguay, Mexico, United States.

Impacts of the Reformation At first the Reformation divided the countries of Europe on religious principles, leading to religious intolerance. Power in most European states was concentrated in the monarch. Gradually religious toleration emerged, along with democratic thought.

Changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies Growth of secularism - worldly things or things that are not regarded as religious Growth of individualism – the idea that the interests of the individual should take precedence over religious interests (for example, the painting of portraits) Growth of religious tolerance – a fair attitude towards those of different religion, race, nationality, etc. (for example, the Edict of Nantes)

Role of the printing press Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press. The Bible was printed in English, French, and German. These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance.

How would you describe the scene and the people? Where might this be? What do you think is happening in this scene? Be prepared to support your answer with three pieces of evidence. What motivated this event?