5-1 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein DRUGS Chapter 5

5-2 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Introduction A drug can be defined as a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other higher order animals. –A necessity for sustaining and prolonging life –Escape from the pressures of life –A means of ending things

5-3 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence The first drugs to be regulated – early in the 20 th Century were deemed to be “habit forming.” Opium & its derivatives Cocaine Marijuana

5-4 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence 1960s Hallucinogens, amphetamines & barbiturates Marijuana became most widely used illicit drug Alcohol consumption rising 1970s Heroin addiction emerged as a national problem

5-5 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence Today Cocaine abuse epidemic 23 million in US use illicit drugs –½ million are heroin addicts –6 million use cocaine 75% of evidence evaluation in labs is drug related –Resulted in expansion of existing crime labs and construction of new labs –Overall analytical capabilities has increased

5-6 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence The ability of a drub to induce dependence after repeated use is related to many complex physiological and social factors –Nature of the drug –Route of administration –Dose –Frequency of administration –Individuals’ rate of metabolism

5-7 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence The ability of a drub to induce dependence after repeated use is related to many complex physiological and social factors –Personal characteristics of the user –Expectations about the drug experience –Society’s attitudes and possible responses –Setting in which the drugs are used

5-8 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence A drug’s influence on an individual and its danger to society can be approached from two distinctly different aspects of human behavior. Psychological dependence –The conditioned use of a drug caused by underlying emotional needs Physical dependence –Physiological need for a drug that has been brought about by its regular use

5-9 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence Psychological dependence Creates a need for continued drug use Most users appear “normal” and remain socially and economically integrated in the life of the community

5-10 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence Psychological dependence Arise from the individual’s desire to create a sense of well-being and to escape from reality –Relief from personal problems or stressful situations –Attempt to sustain physical/emotional state the permits an improved level of performance

5-11 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence Psychological dependence Intensity depends mostly on the nature of the drug used High potential for dependence –Alcohol –Heroin –Amphetamines –Barbiturates –Cocaine

5-12 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence Psychological dependence Intensity depends mostly on the nature of the drug used Low potential for dependence –Marijuana –Codeine

5-13 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence Drugs with High Psychological Dependence Morphine Heroin Methadone Short-acting Barbiturates Alcohol Methaqualone (Quaalude) Amphetamines Cocaine Nicotine Phencyclidine (PCP)

5-14 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence Drugs with Moderate Psychological Dependence Meprobamate (Miltown, Equanil) Diazepam (Valium) Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

5-15 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence Drugs with Low Psychological Dependence Codeine Long-acting Barbiturates Caffeine Marijuana LSD

5-16 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence This does NOT imply that repeated abuse of drugs deemed to have a low potential for psychological dependence is safe or will always produce low psychological dependence. There is no precise way to measure or predict the impact of drug abuse on an individual.

5-17 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence Physical Dependence Repeated and intensive use of a drug –Emotional well-being primary motive –Physiological changes are produced –Avoidance of physical sickness

5-18 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence Physical Dependence Develops only when drug user maintains a regular schedule of drug intake –Interval between doses must be short enough to that the effects of the drug never wear off completely –Heroin: 6-8 hours

5-19 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence Chemistry of Addiction

5-20 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Social Impact The social impact of drug dependence is directly related to the extent to which the drug use has been interwoven into the fabric of the user’s life The more frequently the drug satisfies the person’s need, the greater the likelihood the person becomes dependent

5-21 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Social Impact Individual and social responsibilities are neglected –Personal health –Economic relationships –Family obligations –Public safety, health and welfare are threatened

5-22 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Social Impact Drug dependence involves much of the world’s population Many Society must weigh the beneficial aspects of the drug against the ultimate harm its abuse will do the individual and society as a whole –Many forms of drug dependence don’t warrant their prohibition – tobacco and coffee –Disastrous failure prohibiting alcohol

5-23 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Dependence Hooked: Illegal Drugs and How They Got That Way - MarijuanaHooked: Illegal Drugs and How They Got That Way

5-24 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Narcotic drugs are substances that relieve pain and produce sleep. –Commonly used for any socially unacceptable drug Opiates Synthetic Opiates Analgesics are drugs that relieve pain by depressing the central nervous system

5-25 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Opiates are derived from opium – a gummy, milky juice from the unripe pod of the Asian poppy Morphine Heroin –Derived from morphine Codeine –Prepared synthetically from morphine and used as a cough suppressant

5-26 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Synthetic Opiates Methadone –Best known synthetic opiate –Prescribed to reduce heroin use OxyContin –NOT derived from opium or morphine, but has the same physiological effects on the body –Prescribed to millions for the treatment of chronic pain

5-27 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Hallucinogens cause marked changes in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods. Marijuana –Derived from the plant Canabis –Psychoactive chemical is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) found in resin (hashish), flowers & leaves LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) –Hallucinations can last up to 12 hours –No physical dependence, flashbacks and psychotic reactions can occur even after drug use is discontinued

5-28 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Hallucinogens Phencyclidine (PCP) –often mixed with other drugs, such as LSD, or amphetamine, and sold as a powder (“angel dust”), capsule, or tablet. –Feelings of strength and invulnerability, which may turn to depression, tendencies toward violence, and suicide.

5-29 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Depressants are substances used to depress the functions of the central nervous system. Depressants calm irritability and anxiety and may induce sleep. Alcohol (ethyl alcohol) Barbiturates Tranquilizers “Huffing” –Airplane glue, model cement, freon

5-30 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Depressants Alcohol (ethyl alcohol) –Suppresses brain’s control of thought processes and muscle coordination. –90 million people consume 1 billion gallons annually –$40 billion spent

5-31 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Depressants Barbiturates or “downers” –Suppress vital functions of the central nervous system –Normally taken orally and create a feeling of well- being, relax the body, and produce sleep. –25 different derivatives are available to be used in medical practice –3 most commonly abused are Amobarbital Secobarbital Pentobarbital

5-32 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Depressants Tranquilizers –unlike barbiturates, produce a relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking faculties or inducing sleep. Methaqualone (Quaalude) –Powerful sedative and muscle relaxant that possesses many of the depressant properties of barbiturates Sniffing –immediate effects such as exhilaration, but impairs judgment and may cause liver, heart, and brain damage, or even death.

5-33 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Stimulants are substances taken to increase alertness or activity, followed by a decrease in fatigue and a loss of appetite. Amphetamine and methamphetamine –often injected intravenously –cause an initial “rush,” followed by an intense feeling of pleasure, then exhaustion and a prolonged period of depression.

5-34 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Stimulants Cocaine –extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylin coca –causes increased alertness and vigor, accompanied by the suppression of hunger, fatigue, and boredom –Crack is cocaine mixed with baking soda and water, then heated. Often smoked in glass pipes, and stimulates the brain’s pleasure center.

5-35 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Club drugs are synthetic drugs that are used at nightclubs, bars, and raves (all-night dance parties). GHB and Rohypnol –central nervous system depressants that are often connected with drug-facilitated sexual assault, rape, and robbery.

5-36 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Club Drugs Methylenedioxymethamphetamine –also known as MDMA or Ecstasy –a synthetic mind-altering drug that exhibits many hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like effects. –Ecstasy enhances self-awareness and decreases inhibitions, however, seizures, muscle breakdown, stroke, kidney failure, and cardiovascular system failure often accompany chronic abuse.

5-37 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Club Drugs Ketamine –primarily used as a veterinary animal anesthetic –in humans causes euphoria and hallucinations, but can also cause impaired motor functions, high blood pressure, amnesia, and mild respiratory depression.

5-38 ©2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ FORENSIC SCIENCE: An Introduction, 2 nd ed. By Richard Saferstein Types of Drugs Anabolic steroids are synthetic compounds that are chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone. Anabolic steroids are often abused by individuals who are interested in accelerating muscle growth. Side effects include unpredictable effects on mood and personality, depression, diminished sex drive, halting bone growth, and liver cancer.