› Lutheran and Catholic Princes try to gain followers › Both sides feel threatened by Calvinism that is spreading › Lutherans ban together to form the Protestant Union in 1608 › Catholics form the Catholic League

 1618  Ferdinand II › Head of the Hapsburg family › Catholic › future Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia closed some Protestant churches  Peasants revolted  Ferdinand sends in troops  Protestant German Princes see this as a chance to challenge the Catholic emperor

 Conflict over religion and territory among European ruling families   Two phases › Hapsburg triumphs › Hapsburg defeats

 First 12 years the Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain dominated  Successfully put down the Czech uprising  Defeated German Protestants who supported the Czechs

 1630 – Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and his army of 23,000 began driving the Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany  Gustavus died in 1632  Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin took over pushing out the Hapsburgs › Catholic France sends troops to help Protestants

 Population of Germany dropped from 20 to 16 million  Trade and agriculture were disrupted  German economy is ruined  Major reason as to why Germany doesn’t become a unified state until the 1800’s

 Ended the war (1648) › Weakened the Hapsburg states › Strengthened France by giving it German territory › Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Emperor › Ended religious wars in Europe › New method of peace negotiation  Participants meet to settle the problems and decided peace terms

 The treaty abandoned the idea of a Catholic empire that would rule most of Europe  Europe is made up of equal, independent states  Beginning of the modern state system

 Central Europe had no strong power in the mid 1600’s › Poland  Limited king › Holy Roman Empire  Thirty Years’ War › Ottoman Empire  Conquered Hungary and threatened Vienna and then declined

 Austrian Hapsburgs move towards absolute monarchy  How? › Reclaimed Bohemia during the war  Wiped out Protestantism and made Czech nobles loyal to them › Centralized the government and created a standing army › Took Hungary back from the Ottomans in 1699.

 1711 Charles VI became ruler.  Charles persuaded the other leaders of Europe to recognize his oldest daughter as heir  Should have had a peaceful reign, but didn’t › Fought Prussia

 Hohenzollerns  Built up their state with smaller holdings starting with Brandenburg and Prussia  Fredrick William, elector of Brandenburg  Fredrick become Great Elector after the war  Creates a strong army  Best standing army in Europe

 Junkers resist › Landowning nobility  Fredrick William I bought their cooperation by making only them officers in the army  Highly militarized society

 Loved music, philosophy, and poetry  Followed his father’s military policies  Was religiously tolerant

 Maria Theresa and Fredrick the Great become rulers around the same time  Prussia wanted Silesia  Battle ensues  Maria Theresa stops Prussia’s aggression but loses Silesia

 Austria allies themselves with France  Prussia in response allies themselves with Britain (Austria’s former ally) › Austria, France, Russia and others vs. Prussia and Britain  1756 – Prussia attacks Saxony (Aus. ally) so everyone gets involved  Nothing changed in Europe  British won however by taking France’s colonies in N. Am. And gaining sole economic domination of India

 At the age of 3, Ivan IV’s father dies, making him Crown Prince; his mother serves as a regent, but is assassinated via poison when he is only 8  After this, boyars (nobles) rule until Ivan is old enough to take the throne, but the boyars still intimidate and offend him

 To make matters worse, Ivan’s beloved wife, Anastasia (not the one from the movie) dies, and he begins to go crazy  He tells the boyars to swear allegiance to his infant son; they refuse  So… he kills them

 Ivan, already completely mad, beats his pregnant daughter-in-law for wearing immodest clothing… it causes a miscarriage  His son hears of this and confronts Ivan; a fight happens and Ivan kills his own son  As for Ivan? He dies playing chess… it’s a dangerous game

 Ivan the Terrible is the man who created Russian feudalism:  He passes a law that restricts peasant movement, essentially making them serfs  He introduced local self-management in rural Russia  The first Russian printing press was created during his reign  He wages the Livonian War (against Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden) which nearly breaks Russia  He expands Russia far larger than Ivan the Great’s territory  AND… He’s the FIRST to be called a TSAR

 The Livonian Wars truly breaks Russia  Having a crazy Tsar does not help  After a few dynasties that struggle in post-Ivan times, we find ourselves (if we were Russian) in the Times of Troubles  This includes continued fighting with the Poles as a disjointed nation led by boyars AND a huge famine that kills off TONS  Cossacks begin to get restless… not good for villages  A Cossack is a militaristic community (don’t mess with them)  The Troubles end with boyars fighting and Michael Romanov gaining control

 Michael is grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible’s wife, Anastasia  Romanov dynasty rules Russia for 300 years ( )

 1696 – Peter becomes sole ruler of Russia

Russia Western Europe  Labor – Russian landowners treat serfs like property. Serfdom lasts until the mid-1800s  Religion – Orthodox Christian  Geography – Geographically isolated and few seaports  Labor – many serfs have won their freedom and now live in the cities  Religion – Catholic and Protestant  Geography – Helped trade and made political connections possible

 Sweden controls the Baltic Sea, Ottomans control the Black Sea… Peter’s army is not big enough to take either on  (Yes Sweden was actually tough back in the day)  If he wants to take on the Ottomans (if waging war, go for the best rewards… aka: The Black Sea), he needs help…  Help is going to come from Western Europe  But he’s going to have to impress them…

 Peter went on the famous “European Tour”  He dressed as a regular guy and went around Europe, learning the tools of the trade  Blacksmiths, tradesmen, bankers, sailors, weavers, he saw and did it all  When he returned to Russia, his head was full of ideas of how Russia should run in order for it to be “European”  Russia gets a full dose of European culture… including a nice shave (and boyars loved their beards) I swear to God, Mikhail, he said shave the whole thing off!

 Russia is divided into provinces and run on ‘police-state’ mode  Reformed the Russian Orthodox Church  Created the “Table of Ranks”  Boyars no longer get their title by birth, but by merit and service to the emperor (first their beards and now their titles… not too happy)  All nobles and royalty must go to school and receive an education! (Love this guy)  Introduced new taxes  Capital moved to St. Petersburg and in Peterhof

 First, Peter liked his name  St. Petersburg is created in order to look like Paris, a prestigious European city  Peterhof is the royal palace (completed in 1725), and is called the “Russian Versailles”

VERS AILLES PETER HOF

VERS AILLES

PETER HOF VERS AILLES

ST PETER SBUR G PARIS

 An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western countries (esp. European or American)  Introduce potatoes  Started first Russian newspaper  Raised women’s status  Ordered nobles to wear Western fashions  Advanced education