1.2 Understanding the Research Process. Learning Goals Define the aim and target population of a study Discuss sampling techniques appropriate to research.

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Presentation transcript:

1.2 Understanding the Research Process

Learning Goals Define the aim and target population of a study Discuss sampling techniques appropriate to research Discuss ethical considerations when carrying out research Explain the concept of generalizability Explain the concepts of validity and reliability Explain what is meant by an application of findings

Understanding Research If you wanted to find out if attitudes towards health influenced behaviour, what would you do to carry out this investigation?

Reductionism vs Holisim Reductionist: Human Behaviour can be explained by breaking it down into smaller parts.-Biological Perspective Holistics: Human Behavious is best understood by looking at larger parts. Social Psychology or Psychoanalysis Which do you feel best explains our behaviour?

Lets try an experiment!

Lets try an experiment

Lets try a couple of experiments Does colour have an effect on memory? Lets compete who has the best memory

Aim, Procedure, Findings Aim: Purpose of the study Target Population: The group whose behaviour will be studied. Procedure: step-by-step process used by the researcher to carry out the study. Findings: How the research interpreted the data.

Research Process Participants: Those who take part in a psychological study. Sample: The nature of the group, and is representative of the target population.

Types of Samples Representative Sample: Researches will often try to obtain a sample that represents a population. Why not the whole population? What are the benefits of a large sample? What are the benefits of a small sample?

Participants How would you get a person to participate in a study?

Types of Samples Opportunity Sampling: Sampling of whoever happens to be there and agrees to participate. Benefits? Weaknesses? When might you want to use this?

Opportunity Sampling Sampling Bias: Sears (1986) found over 2/3s of research performed at universities were exclusively students? What are some of the problems with this?

Sears (1986) and Sampling Bias Sears argues that this type of sampling has the following problems: Students have a strong need for peer approval. They were pre-selected for competence in cognitive skills. They are more egocentric than adults.

Types of Sampling Self-Selected Sampling: Made up of volunteers. Benefits? Issues? When would you use it?

Types of Sampling Snow-Ball Sampling (Network): When participants recruit other participants from among friends and acquaintances. Benefits? Issues? When would you use this?

Types of Sampling Random Sampling: Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected. Benefits? Issues? When would you use it?

Types of Sampling Stratified Sample: attempts to overcome this problem by drawing random samples from each subpopulation within the target population. Leads to a more accurate sample

Types of Sampling Purposive Sampling: Looking for people with a specific set of traits. Usually accomplished through self-selected sampling

Types of Sampling Crowd-Sourcing: Usually made up of an online community Limitations? Benefits? When can you us it?

Homework Page 21 (John Crane)- Be a researcher- Both Questions Read and take nots on Considering Ethics in research