Structure provides constructional support to an architectural piece. The main types of structure are: – Post-and-Lintel – __________________ – Bearing Wall – Skeleton Frame Structural Components of Architecture

Structural System #1 Post and Lintel Usually made of stone Lintels are horizontal beams laid across open spaces Posts are vertical supports that hold the lintels Stone lacks “_____________ strength” which is the ability to withstand bending Stone has great “______________ strength” which is the ability to withstand compression or crushing The best examples of post and lintel structural use are Stonehenge and the Parthenon.

Posts Also called columns. A ____________ can be found at the top of most columns. Their primary purpose is to act as a transition for the eye as it moves from post to lintel Can be ______________ which is vertical ridges cut into the post There are three types of Greek columns – Doric – _______________ – Corinthian

Doric OrderIonic Order Corinthian Order

Stylobate _______ Shaft ___________ Architrave ________ Cornice The cornice, pediment, frieze, and architrave = entrabulature Pediment The capital, shaft, base, and stylobate = column.

Structural System #2 Arch Can be used in ______________ spaces than post and lintel (even when using stone). The weight is transferred outwards to the legs  Therefore it uses primarily compressive strength. The different types of arches include (but are not limited to):

Roman (Round) Arch Moorish Arch (Horseshoe) (Islamic)

Lancet Arch (Gothic) Ogee Arch Trefoil Arch

Buttresses Because arches need strong support to keep their legs from caving outward, buttresses are sometimes used. A __________________ is a support -- usually brick or stone -- built against a wall to support or reinforce it. A _______________ buttress is a free- standing buttress attached to the main structure by an arch or a half-arch.

Buttress Flying Buttress

_______________ Multiple arches placed side by side with their legs beside each other

___________ Arches placed back to back with their legs enclosing a space

___________ ____________ Two Tunnel Vaults that meet at a right angle

______________ Arches that are joined at the top Arches that make a complete circle (360 d) This allows for more expansive space

________________ To support a dome the room below would need to be a circle In order to have a ___________ room Below, a Pendentive transfers the weight of the dome outward

Structural System #3 Cantilever An overhanging beam or floor that is supported at only __________ end The most dramatic uses of cantilevers emerged with the introduction of modern materials such as ____________ beams and prestressed concrete A good example of a cantilever is the Zarzuela Grandstand.

Structural System #4 Bearing Wall The wall supports the floor(s) and the roof. A log ___________ is an example of Bearing Wall construction. Your house was __________ made using bearing wall construction.

Monadnock Building North Half – Bearing Wall The brick walls on the bottom half are feet wide. South Half – Part of this half of the building has a steel frame. When completed in 1893, it was the world’s ______________office building.

Structural System #5 Skeleton Frame Framework supports the building Walls are attached to a frame much like skin is attached to bones. When wood is used in a Skeleton Frame it is called _____________ Construction (house). When metal is used in a Skeleton Frame it is called _____________ Construction (skyscraper).

Skeleton Frame World Trade Center - complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan that were attacked by terrorists on September 11, All seven original buildings in the complex were destroyed during the September 11 attacks. Three of the buildings collapsed including the story twin towers. As of May 23, 2007, 2,749 death certificates were filed relating to the 9/11 attacks.