1 Waste management Waste to energy June 2013

2 Waste management Avoiding waste production Reducing its hazards Selective collection, waste utilisation, recycling ►► Reducing landfills

3 Waste handling Physical handling (e.g. classification, filtering) Chemical handling (e.g. neutralisation) Biological handling (e.g. aerob and anaerob decomposition – biogas) Thermal handling processes

4 Waste to Energy Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from waste. WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through incineration, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.

5 Comparison of technologies

6 WtE in figures The quantity of waste produced all over the world amounted to: more than 12 billion tonnes in 2006, up to 13 billion tonnes in 2011, up to 18 billion tonnes by year Around 130 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) are combusted annually in over 600 waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities globally, that produce electricity and steam for district heating and recovered metals for recycling. Incineration, with energy recovery, is the most common waste-to-energy method employed worldwide. Over the last five years, waste incineration in Europe has generated between an average of 4% to 8% of their countries’ electricity demand and between an average of 10% to 15% of the continent’s domestic heat demand. Europe had more than 475 WTE plants across its regions – more than any other continent in the world – that processes an average of 59 million tonnes of waste per annum. Huge potential!

7 MSW and RDF MSW: Municipal solid waste Varies greatly from country to country and changes significantly with time: - intractable wastes such as plastic film, and un-recyclable packaging - food wastes, yard wastes, containers and product packaging, and other miscellaneous wastes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources. But: Do not include industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, medical waste, radioactive waste or sewage sludge. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced by shredding and dehydrating solid waste (MSW) with a Waste converter technology. RDF consists largely of combustible components of municipal waste such as plastics and biodegradable waste. RDF processing facilities are normally located near a source of MSW at a remote location.

8 1. Pyrolysis Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen. New and emerging technologies that are able to produce energy from waste and other fuels (or combustible fuel commodity) without direct combustion.

9 2. Incineration Concerns regarding the operation of incinerators: fine particulate, heavy metals, trace dioxin and acid gas emissions. Ethics: Whether they may reduce the incentives for recycling and waste minimization activities? Answer: Europe recycling the most (up to 70%) also incinerate their residual waste to avoid landfilling. Efficiencies: Incinerators have electric efficiencies in the order of 14-28%. The total efficiencies of cogeneration incinerators are typically higher than 80%. The weight of residues after incineration is 10-15% of the wastes feeded.

10 Japan and China built several plants that were based on direct smelting or on fluidized bed combustion of solid waste. In China there are about 50 WtE plants. Japan is the largest user in thermal treatment of MSW in the world with 40 million tons. During the period, the WtE capacity increased by about four million metric tons per annum.

11 Use of heat and electricity The heat produced by an incinerator can be used to generate steam which may then be used to drive a turbine in order to produce electricity. The typical amount of net energy that can be produced per tonne municipal waste is about: 2/3 MWh of electricity, and 2 MWh of heating/cooling. Thus, incinerating about 600 metric tons per day of waste will produce about 400 MWh of electrical energy per day (17 MW of electrical power continuously for 24 hours) and 1200 MWh of heating (cooling) energy a day.

12 Incineration technologies Technology\Waste typeMSWRDFWhole tiresCut tires A. Grate technologyxxx B. Rotary klinxx C. Fluidised bed x x

13 A. Grate technologies Waste utilisation plant of Budapest

14 Incinerates 60-65% of MSW of the capital town of Hungary, Budapest. Capacity is 420,000 tonnes per annum. Supplies heat for 13,000 flat, And electricity for 45,000 flat. Fulfills all the EU environmental and emission regulations

15 Rotary klin furnace incinerator with afterburner chamber, heat recovery boiler and flue gas cleaner: Waste feeding Rotating furnace with start-up burner and air supply Natural gas afterburner with air supply DeNOx system (SNCR) Heat recovery boiler Feeding system with deairator tank and feeding pumps Flue gas cleaning with dry washer and filters Handling of flue gas cleaning additives Flue gas suction-fan and stack Ash and flying ash removal Electric and C&I system B. Rotary kiln

16 Technological scheme of a 30,000 t/a RDF fired plant (rotary kiln)

17 C. Fluidised bed

18 Technological scheme of a 30,000 t/a RDF fired plant (fluidised bed)

3D view of a solid material fired small power plant with 7 MW electric capacity 19 Stack Cooling tower Raw and fire water tank Boiler house Solid fuel 2 Turbine hall Solid fuel 1

Data 20 Area: 150 m x 150 m Operator staff: 40 Budget price in Europe for a fluidised bed incineration plant per kW electric capacity: 3, ,000 USD/kW e

21 Thank you for your attention! Name: Istvan Pataki