 What Was It? Burned-Over District New religious revivalism Mostly in the rural areas of New England, Middle States, and Western areas of the U.S. Camp-meetings --25, 000 at some gatherings Energetic and emotional; based on revelation and faith conversion Faith over reason Very democratic in nature Majority were women slaves working class Spread by itinerant preachers

 oSecularism of the American Revolution oScientific attacks on religion: the Enlightenment oPoor church attendance oNew England: attacks on Puritan pre- destination oApparent absence of God in daily lives oMarket Revolution: The New Materialism Second Great Awakening: Causes

 The Intensity of SGA 1831 Camp Meetings Abolitionist Meetings

 Cane Ridge Revival (1801) Kentucky Week long; 25,000 attendees "The noise was like the roar of Niagara. The vast sea of human beings seemed to be agitated as if by a storm. I counted seven ministers, all preaching at one time, some on stumps, others in wagons and one standing on a tree which had, in falling, lodged against another. At one time I saw at least five hundred swept down in a moment as if a battery of a thousand guns had been opened upon them, and then immediately followed shrieks and shouts that rent the very heavens. - James Finley, later a Methodist circuit rider

Why Did It Catch On? oUpheaval caused by the market revolution oExpanding transportation network oWestern expansion: Lack of religion oExpanding slave population oEconomic uncertainty caused by Panics of 1819 & 1837 oExpanding middle class

Second Great Awakening: A Comparison First Great Awakening God Granted Salvation God Granted Salvation Sinful nature of humans Sinful nature of humans Incapacity to change behavior Incapacity to change behavior “Fire and Brimstone” “Fire and Brimstone” Predestination Predestination Spawned colleges Spawned colleges Second Great Awakening Individuals controlled salvation Individuals controlled salvation Innate goodness of humanity Innate goodness of humanity Rejected predestination Rejected predestination Capacity to change behavior Capacity to change behavior Stressed personal accountability Stressed personal accountability Spread and expanded religion Spread and expanded religion Emotional connection God Emotional connection God Also spawned colleges Also spawned colleges

 George Finney Most prominent and dynamic preacher of the Second Awakening Began preaching in 1829 in Upper New York

  Dramatically increased church attendance  Expanded Christianity  Baptists  Methodists  Provided for public participation for women: social outlet for middle class  Emphasized the importance of religion for slaves  Emphasized the importance of missionary work amongst the Indians and foreign nations  Spawned reform movements: Attempts at perfection: individuals and society Impact

Reform Abolitionism  William Lloyd Garrison Paper: The liberator

Reform Temperance 1933: U.S. temperance Union  Drinking led to crime and poverty

Reform Treatment of Mentally  Public mental hospitals Dorothea Dix

Reform Prison Reform

Reform Utopian Experiments  The Millerites  The Shakers  The Vegetarians  LDS (Mormons)  Utopian Socialism:  Share goods  Simple life  Social Harmony

Reform Education Leader: Horace Mann  Teacher Training  Education for women  Textbooks: dictionary  Higher Ed. Research, labs, experimentation, etc.

Reform Status of Women Seneca falls NY Stanton, Mott, Stone Emancipate woman from social restrictions

Reform Juvenile Crime

Reform Diet & Nutrition