"Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun." “To read too many books is harmful”. “The people, and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history”. “War can only be abolished through war, and in order to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun”. Mao Tse-Tung

Mao Tse-tung

the legendary Long March, a 6,000- mile fighting retreat from Jiangxi to the mountain town of Yan'an in remote northern Shaanxi Province. Only a tenth of the 80,000 guerrilla fighters who began the march survived.

The Long March is considered one of the great physical feats of the Twentieth Century.

Nationalist Chiang Kai-Shek Chiang Kai-Shek (anti-communist) was supported by the United States!

In 1937, Japan launched a full-scaled war of aggression against China, which gave the Chinese Communist Party cause to unite with the nationalist forces of the Kuomintang (Sian Incident). After defeating the Japanese, in an ensuing civil war, the Communists defeated the Kuomintang, and established the People's Republic of China in October 1949.

Anti-Japanese War ( )

Mao assumes complete control of the CCP

China under Mao Zedong

Outline GMD-CCP Civil War ( ) Recovery and Socialism ( ) Rethinking the Soviet model ( ) Great Leap Forward ( ) Recovery & growing elite division ( ) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution ( )

Civil War (1946 – 1949) GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party) –Chiang Kai-shek (President) CCP: Chinese Communist Party –Mao Zedong

“War of Liberation”

Mao Zedong A revolution to remove “3 big mountains” –imperialism –feudalism –bureaucrat-capitalism A “United Front” of … –workers –peasants –petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie

People’s Republic of China , PRC, Beijing Chairman: Mao Zedong 5-Star Red Flag Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

Economic Reconstruction 1950s Soviet Union model and assistance land reform (eliminate landlord class) heavy industry (state-owned enterprises) First National People’s Congress (1954) –PRC Constitution Zhou Enlai –Premier –Foreign Minister

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Great Leap Forward ( ) abandon the Soviet model of economic development –Soviet “scientific planning” mass mobilization people’s communes

Great Leap Forward ( ) unrealistic output targets –industry –agricultural and human disaster

Growing Division ( ) Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy

A cult of personality is a term applied to a political institution in which a country's leader uses mass media to create a larger-than-life public image through unquestioning flattery and praise. The term often refers as well to leaders who did not use such methods during their lifetime, but are built up in the mass media by later governments.

Cult of Mao A personality cult developed around Mao. Mao presented himself as an enemy of landowners, businessmen, and Western and American imperialism, as well as an ally of impoverished peasants, farmers and workers. At the 1958 Party congress in Chengdu, Mao expressed support for the idea of personality cults if they venerated figures who were genuinely worthy of adulation.

The Cultural Revolution The Cult of Mao proved vital in starting the Cultural Revolution. China's youth had mostly been brought up during the Communist era, and they had been told to love Mao. They were his greatest supporters. Their feelings for him were so strong that many followed his urge to challenge all established authority.

Cultural Revolution ( ) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution –commitment to revolution and “class struggle” –power struggle to succeed Mao Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards” Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of Four”

“Letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend is the policy for promoting the progress of the arts and the sciences and a flourishing socialist culture in our land. Different forms and styles in art should develop freely and different schools in science should contend freely. We think that it is harmful to the growth of art and science if administrative measures are used to impose one particular style of art or school of thought and to ban another. Questions of right and wrong in the arts and sciences should be settled through free discussion in artistic and scientific circles and through practical work in these fields. They should not be settled in summary fashion.”

Mao’s “Little Red Book” Party members were encouraged to carry a copy with them and possession was almost mandatory as a criterion for membership.

Mao's ”The Little red Book” or Mao Zedong on People's War (1967) became in the 1960s the ultimate authority for political correctness. It was carried about by millions during "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" of 1968.

Phase I: Red Guards ( ) Purge of party cadres –Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping Purge of intellectuals

The caption on the poster reads: "The People's Liberation Army is A School of Mao Zedong Thought".

Phase II: Lin Biao ( ) the putative successor to Mao Zedong –the cult of personality around Mao In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed –to assassinate Mao –to flee to Soviet Union (“9.13”) “9.13” eroded the credibility –of the entire leadership –of the Cultural Revolution

Andy Warhol The most influential of the Pop artists, Andy Warhol cast a cool, ironic light on the pervasiveness of commercial culture and the contemporary worship of celebrity. With his enormous Mao, Warhol melded his signature style with the scale of totalitarian propaganda to address the cult of personality surrounding the Chinese ruler Mao Zedong

Phase III: the “Gang of Four” 1972 – 1976 power struggle between –the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife –the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai the fate of Deng Xiaoping

Diplomatic Breakthrough 1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)

Diplomatic Breakthrough 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

Death of Mao

Mao and Zhou Died in 1976 Turning point in China’s postwar era “Gang of Four” were arrested End of the Cultural Revolution

In the Hall of Mourning, the heart of the mausoleum, lies Mao ( ) in his usual gray suit, draped with the red flag of the Communist Party, in a crystal casket.

Reforms and Opening up The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978 –Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy –economic modernization became focus US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979

Mao The End

MovementNatureImpact The “Hundred Flowers” (1956) Intellectuals invited for constructive criticism. Some party leaders criticized for corruption and incompetence. Followed by repression, with many intellectual labeled as “rightists”. No tolerance of dissent or criticism. The “Great Leap Forward” ( ) Supposed to industrialize the countryside. Over-inflated industrial and agricultural quotas. Forgery and exaggerations of agricultural production figures. Resulted in the largest famine in human history. About 30 million died of starvation. Sino-Soviet Break (1960)Ideological differences.Removed Soviet aid and technical personnel. Increasing border clashes. No global “unified” communist bloc. The “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” ( ) Ideological demagogy by Mao to maintain power. Millions of youths (the Red Guards) were mobilized. Plunged the country in a turmoil. Factions fought to control the government. Party-state machinery was crippled and a host of Party veterans were purged.