Deductive VS Inductive Reasoning

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Presentation transcript:

Deductive VS Inductive Reasoning

Premises lead to a certain conclusion DEDUCTIVE REASONING Aristotle (Ancient Greek Philosopher) Start with a premise Premises lead to a certain conclusion

Generalize repeatedly observed phenomena INDUCTIVE REASONING Sir Francis Bacon (17th Century English Philosopher) Make repeated observations Generalize repeatedly observed phenomena

Sir Francis Bacon (17th Century English Philosopher) INDUCTIVE REASONING Sir Francis Bacon (17th Century English Philosopher) Novum Organum (1620) (New Method)

vs

A willingness to challenge ancient authorities

GENERALIZATION SPECIFIC INSTANCE INDUCTIVE DEDUCTIVE Bottom Up Top Down SPECIFIC INSTANCE

GENERALIZATION SPECIFIC INSTANCE Note that many experts will denounce this as an oversimplification but it helps get the general idea across. INDUCTIVE Bottom Up DEDUCTIVE Top Down SPECIFIC INSTANCE

DEDUCTIVE Conclusions are drawn from PREMISES. Start With PREMISES Some rights reserved by Kurt Raschke

Some rights reserved by Kurt Raschke TOP DOWN LOGIC Start With PREMISES Some rights reserved by Kurt Raschke

Premises Lead to a Certain Conclusion Deductive Reasoning Premises Lead to a Certain Conclusion All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Premises Conclusion

Premises Lead to a Certain Conclusion Deductive Reasoning Premises Lead to a Certain Conclusion What thinks must exist. I am thinking. Therefore, I exist. Premises Conclusion

Premises Lead to a Certain Conclusion Deductive Reasoning Premises Lead to a Certain Conclusion Good students pass exams. Blake is a good student. Therefore, Blake will pass his exam. Premises Conclusion

Deductive Reasoning All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Premises Lead to a Certain Conclusion All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. If the conclusion is FALSE

Deductive Reasoning Then check your PREMISES All men are mortal. Premises Lead to a Certain Conclusion Then check your PREMISES All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. If the conclusion is FALSE

Start With OBSERVATIONS Conclusions are drawn from several observations. Start With OBSERVATIONS INDUCTIVE Some rights reserved by Kurt Raschke

Start With OBSERVATIONS EMPIRICISM Some rights reserved by Kurt Raschke

CONNECT THE DOTS The more data, the greater the probability of the conclusion being true.

CONNECT THE DOTS The more data, the greater the probability of the conclusion being true.

CONNECT THE DOTS The more data, the greater the probability of the conclusion being true.

CONNECT THE DOTS The more data, the greater the probability of the conclusion being true.

CONNECT THE DOTS The more data, the greater the probability of the conclusion being true.

CONNECT THE DOTS The more data, the greater the probability of the conclusion being true.

The Problem of Induction David Hume “Skeptical Scotsman”

The sun always rises in the East… Photo by Thangaraj Kumaravel

All swans are white. Photo by Dani Vázquez

All of the swans I’ve seen are white. Photo by Dani Vázquez

DIFFERING GOALS Certainty Probability Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning Certainty Probability

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD An ongoing process of induction and deduction. Graphic Credit: ArchonMagnus