AIR SAMPLING APRIL 2016

NEWSWORTHY TOPICS IN AIR SAMPLING 1. Hydrogen Peroxide-New OSHA Method 2. Total Particulates-New NIOSH Method 3. Elements (Metals)-New NIOSH Method 4. Nitrogen Dioxide-New SKC passive sampler validated for occupational and environmental sampling

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE WORKPLACE APPLICATIONS Bleaching or deodorizing of pulp and paper, textiles, wood, hair, fur, or foods Disinfectant for water and sewage treatment Sterilizing agent for medical devices Component of rocket fuels and chemical products Reference: U.S. OSHA Method 1019, Section 1.1.3, 2016.

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AIR SAMPLING METHODS Historically, hygienists had to rely on glass impingers for sample collection.

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE NEW METHOD In January 2016, U.S. OSHA released Method Samples are collected using (2) 25-mm quartz filters that are chemically coated with titanium oxysulfate with analysis by spectrophotometry. Available as SKC

I LOVE CHEMICALLY COATED FILTERS HERE’S WHY Say good bye to impingers Suitable for the collection of multi-phase contaminants present as both vapor and particulate aerosols

SPECIAL NOTES ON THE H 2 O 2 COATED FILTERS SKC has been offering the coated filters for hydrogen peroxide to meet the specifications in a method published by the French Institute INRS. U.S. OSHA has validated their hydrogen peroxide method using these same filters. Protect samples from light during shipping and storage.

PARTICULATE SAMPLING NEW ISSUE OF CONCERN U.S. NIOSH and OSHA scientists have been addressing sample losses with traditional filter cassettes. Of particular concern, are sample losses that occur from particles that adhere to the interior cassette walls and are not analyzed.

U.S. OSHA STATEMENT IN HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM METHOD “ Tests showed that Cr (VI) equivalent to 0 to 123% of the amounts found on the PVC filter were present on the interior walls of cassettes used for compliance samples. It is now routine procedure to wipe interior walls of sampling cassettes for all metal samples analyzed.” Source: United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Hexavalent Chromium. 30 Apr 2009 < inorganic/id215_v2/id215_v2.html>

NIOSH STATEMENT IN AIHA JOURNAL ARTICLE Dust deposits on the walls of filter cassettes were 19% of the total sample for lead and 25% of the total sample for copper. Filter cassettes should be rinsed and wiped prior to analysis. Source: Ashley, Kevin, Harper, Martin and Demange, Martine. “Concerning Sampler Wall Deposits in the Chemical Analysis of Airborne Metals.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 4:9 Sept 2007: D81 - D86

PVC ACCU-CAP EMERGES TO ADDRESS CONCERNS Consists of a clear plastic dome heat- sealed to a PVC filter. Filter insert that is placed into a 2-piece 37-mm cassette with support pad. Dust is collected onto the filter or within the dome for gravimetric analysis. SKC GLA NIOSH METHOD 0501

A NEW ACCUCAP DESIGN SOLU-CAP ® FOR METALS Internal capsule sampler for CHEMICAL analysis Acid digestible dome material heat sealed to an MCE filter Pre-loaded into 2-piece 37-mm cassettes with support pads (SKC ) After sampling, the entire sampler is acid digested and analyzed using ICP.

NITROGEN DIOXIDE CONSIDERATIONS FOR HEALTH

NITROGEN DIOXIDE OCCUPATIONAL ISSUES WORKPLACE EXPOSURES Farmers dealing with food grains Welding Operations (a particular concern in confined spaces) Electroplating Diesel exhaust

NITROGEN DIOXIDE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Source: Emissions related to burning of fossil fuels from vehicles, power plants, industrial sources, and off-road equipment. Effects: Adverse respiratory effects, Reacts with oxygen to produce ozone, Contributes to acid rain and eutrophication in bodies of water.

NITROGEN DIOXIDE NEAR-ROAD MONITORING Near-road monitoring stations are in place in the U.S. and throughout the world to measure nitrogen dioxide levels from vehicle exhaust. U.S. EPA reports that approximately 16% of U.S housing units are located within 300 ft of a major highway, railroad, or airport (approximately 48 million people). Parameter of interest for city planning of pedestrian areas and bike paths.

NITROGEN DIOXIDE OELs AND SAMPLING Existing NIOSH and OSHA methods specify sorbent tubes with molecular sieve sorbent coated with triethanolamine (TEA). Available commercially as SKC for nitrogen dioxide alone or for the simultaneous collection of NO 2 & NO. CURRENT OELs: OSHA-5 ppm ceiling NIOSH-1 ppm STEL ACGIH-0.2 ppm TWA (lowered from 3 ppm in 2012)

PASSIVE SAMPLING OPTION: VALIDATED BY SKC CHEMISTS Using the same chemistry as the NIOSH/OSHA methods, SKC chemists developed a passive sampler that contains a TEA chemically-treated paper tape inside a badge housing. To collect a sample, the samplers are placed in the breathing zone and the yellow slide cover is moved to the “on” position. UMEX 200

AFTER SAMPLING: STORAGE PRIOR TO ANALYSIS At the end of the sample period, the yellow slide cover is moved to the “off” position. Samplers can be stored up to 3 weeks at ambient temperatures prior to analysis.

LABORATORY ANALYSIS UMEX 200 PAPER TAPE The analytical laboratory will remove the TEA-coated tape, extracting with DI water, and analyze by ion chromatography.

UME X 200: VALIDATION RANGE NITROGEN DIOXIDE SKC chemists have fully validated the use the sampler over a range of 0.05 to 8.5 ppm from 15 minutes to 24 hours. OCCUPATIONAL-Can reliably measure workplace exposures even at the lower TLV 0.2 ppm as an 8-hr TWA. ENVIRONMENTAL-Can detect down to 2 ppb for 24-hour samples and measure 100 ppb for 1- hour samples for U.S. EPA standard.

UME X 200: ADDITIONAL VALIDATION SULFUR DIOXIDE SKC chemists have also validated the UMEX 200 sampler for sulfur dioxide over a range of 0.4 to 8.0 ppm from 15 minutes to 24 hours. OCCUPATIONAL- Validated for TWA sampling for OSHA PEL of 5 ppm or NIOSH REL of 2 ppm; Validated for STEL sampling for NIOSH REL of 5 ppm; Also suitable also for ACGIH STEL. ENVIRONMENTAL-Can detect down to 2 ppb for 24-hour sampling of ambient air.

AIR SAMPLING HEADLINES AN OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN EXTRA QUESTIONS?