Unit 08 – Motivation, Emotion and Stress Overview Motivational Concepts Hunger Motivation Sexual Motivation Social Motivation: Affiliation Needs Theories and Physiology of Emotion Expressed Emotion Stress and Health Stress and Illness Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Introduction Motivation- a need or desire thatMotivation energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal g-gvtY Aron Ralston video: what motivates his behavior? S6PrMk

What Motivates Behavior? Instinct theory = genetically predisposed behaviors Drive-reduction theory – inner conflicts motivate us Arousal theory – finding the right level of stimulation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – which need takes priority Overall Motivation video: w w

Instincts & Evolutionary Psychology Instinct (evolutionary; fixed pattern and unlearned)Instinct –Instincts in animals (building a nest) and humans (infant sucking)

Drives and Motivations Drive-reduction theory –HomeostasisHomeostasis –Need –Drive –Drive reduction We are pushed by our needs and driven to reduce the need and pulled by incentives

Instinct and Drive-Reduction Videos A5BSH1Mftak RxpjnVYHb4o

Drives and Motivations Incentive –Positive and negative

Optimum Arousal Arousal –Optimum level of arousal –Yerkes-Dodson LawYerkes-Dodson Law

Yerkes-Dodson Law The Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests that there is a relationship between performance and arousal. Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point. At the point when arousal becomes excessive, performance diminishes.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Maslow: A Hierarchy of Motives

Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses

The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach –Washburn study

The Physiology of Hunger: Body Chemistry & the Brain Glucose Insulin - pancreas Hypothalamus –Lateral hypothalamus – “fat-er-al” Orexin – stimulates hunger –Vetromedial hypothalamus reduces hunger Leptin made by fat cells decreases hunger; ghrelin secreted by empty stomach signals hunger

Orexin -Also called hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite. -The most common form of narcolepsy, is caused by a lack of orexin in the brain due to destruction of the cells that produce it.

Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones –Ghrelin- stomach –Obestatin -stomach –PYY (digestive tract hormone) –Leptin – fat cells Set point- stable weight pointSet point Basal metabolic rate- the energy to maintain stable body functionsBasal metabolic rate

The Physiology of Hunger: Body Chemistry and the Brain

Taste Preferences: Biology & Culture Taste preferences –Genetic: sweet and salty –Neophobia – fear of new foods –Adaptive taste preferences

Taste Preferences: Biology & Culture Spices inhibit the growth of bacteria

Situational Influences on Eating Do you eat more when eating with others? Unit bias – offered a larger size, we eat more Food variety – stimulates eating, e.g. at a buffet

Obesity and Weight Control The physiology of obesity Set point and metabolism- really a set range The genetic factor The food and activity factors –Social influence

Obesity and Weight Control

The Physiology of Sex - The Sexual Response Cycle Sexual response cycle –Excitement phase –Plateau phase –Orgasm –Resolution phase Refractory period

Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias Sexual Dysfunctions –Erectile disorder –Premature ejaculation –Female orgasmic disorder –Paraphilias Exhibitionism, fetishism, pedophilia

Hormones and Sexual Behavior Effects of hormones –Development of sexual characteristics –Activate sexual behavior Estrogen Testosterone

The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli –Dreams –Sexual fantasies Depictions of women/men being sexually coerced and “liking it” does increase Sexual violence/rape

Introduction Aristotle’s social animal Need to belong – affiliation need

The Benefits of Belonging Enhanced survival How belonging influences our thoughts and emotions Attachment disorders: –Anxious attachment –Insecure avoidant attachment

The Pain of Being Shut Out Ostracism = social exclusion Cyberostracism Anterior cingulate cortex (near frontal corpus callosum) - same area of brain responds to social & physical pain Influences on behavior

Mobile Networks & Social Media Cell phones Texting and Facebook and twitter

Connecting & Social Networking: The Social Effects of Social Networking Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated? Does electronic communication stimulate healthy self-disclosure? Do social networking profiles and posts reflect people’s actual personalities? –Does social networking promote narcissism?

Cognition and Emotion Emotions are a mix ofEmotions –Bodily arousal (increased HR) –Expressive behaviors (quick pace) –Conscious experience

Cognition & Emotion- Historical Emotion Theories Common Sense theory James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Two-Factor theory of Schacter- Singer

James-Lange Theory of Emotions The theory that our experience of an emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli E.g. We feel sorry because we cry, afraid because we tremble AROUSAL COMES BEFORE EMOTION Goes against common sense theory that we cry because we are sad first

Cannon-Bard Theory Arousal and Emotion occur simultaneously An emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers the physiological responses and the subjective experience of the emotion People with high spinal cord injury felt less intense lower body emotions whereas those with lower spinal cord injuries were unchanged

Cognition Can Define Emotion: Schachter and Singer Two-factor theory –Schachter-Singer –Spillover effect

Two Factor Theory- Schacter-Singer Theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal The spillover effect: arousal fuels emotion, cognition channel it Arousal spills over from one event to the next, e.g. arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger which causes riots at stadiums

Cognition and Emotion- Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc & LeDoux Robert Zajonc – have many emotional reactions apart from our interpretations cognitively LeDoux “High and Low Road” Emotions: Our emotional responses can follow two different brain pathways Some emotions are more complex and travel a “high road” through the thalamus to brain cortex to amygdala. This emotion is analyzed and labeled.

LeDoux & Lazarus Some emotions travel the “low road” bypassing the cortex directly to thalamus to amygdala. Some emotions do not require conscious thinking.

Theories of Emotion P9DRfghttp:// P9DRfg - Part I S5-bt4http:// S5-bt4 – Part II j_O7lEhttp:// j_O7lE – Part I UcannIhttp:// UcannI – Part II

Embodied Emotion: Emotions & the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system –Sympathetic nervous system arousing –Parasympathetic nervous system Calming –Yerkes Dodson Law –Fight or flee

Embodied Emotion: Emotions & the Autonomic Nervous System

Embodied Emotion: The Physiology of Emotions Insula- deep brain structure activated by various emotions Brain circuits – different regions in brain light up with different emotions, e.g. fear - amygdala Disgust and depression – right frontal lobe Enthusiasm – left frontal lobe

Fried Green Tomatoes and Expressing Emotion: Anger 9FjxP-Y

Detecting Emotions: Facial Expressions Do you struggle with interpreting emotions in s, texts?

Facial Expressions and Emotions yxA yxA gTI gTI 8U – Part III 8U

Detecting Emotion in Others Nonverbal cues –Duchenne smile – “real” smile Smile on right engages the facial muscles appropriately Paul Ekman

Gender, Emotion, &Nonverbal Behavior Women are better at decoding others’ emotions due to greater emotional responsiveness. In survey of 23,000 people from 26 cultures, women were more likely than men to report themselves open to feelings. Women are more likely to express empathy. What do you think???

Gender, Emotion & Nonverbal Behavior Researchers manipulated a gender neutral face. It is more likely seen as a male if an angry face & more likely a female if smiling face

Gender, Emotion, & Nonverbal Behavior Women’s faces tend to show more emotion

How Are Nonverbal Expressions Understood Across Cultures? "Hi Brazil, I'm US President Richard Nixon, and I'm feeling terrific!“ The only universal gesture is the smile

Culture and Emotional Expression Happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, disgust

The Effects of Facial Expressions Facial feedback effect – facial muscle states trigger our emotionsFacial feedback effect People report feeling the emotion they show with their facial muscles!!

Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress- how we respond to threatening or challenging eventsStress –Stress appraisal

Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stressors – Things that Push Our Buttons Catastrophes Significant life changes Daily hassles

Stress: Some Basic Concepts The Stress Response System Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)- next slidegeneral adaptation syndrome (GAS) Cannon’s “fight or flight” –Alarm –Resistance –Exhaustion –Telomeres (ends of chromosomes shorten –and death of cell occurs

Stress:The Stress Response System General Adaptation Syndrome

Introduction Psychophysiological illnesses Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) –LymphocytesLymphocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Macrophage Natural killer cells (NK cells)

Stress & Susceptibility to Disease Stress and AIDS Stress and Cancer Stress and Heart Disease –Coronary heart diseaseCoronary heart disease –Type AType A –Type BType B

Stress & Susceptibility to Disease

Stress Videos 4GmJsnQE4khttp:// 4GmJsnQE4k – Part I aTpJeE-90http:// aTpJeE-90 – Part II B51YjtMCUhttp:// B51YjtMCU – Part III

Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Instinct = a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species.

Drive-Reduction Theory = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Incentive = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior.

Yerkes-Dodson Law = the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Set Point = the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Basal Metabolic Rate = the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Sexual Response Cycle = the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Refractory Period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Sexual Dysfunction = a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

Estrogens = sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Emotion = a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

James-Lange Theory = the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Cannon-Bard Theory = the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Two-Factor Theory = the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) by physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

Polygraph = a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

Facial Feedback Effect = the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, and happiness.

Health Psychology = a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

Stress = the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) = Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhausion.

Type A and Type B Type A = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. Type B = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.