© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers 2 Theories of Development This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Psychoanalytic Theories Sigmund Freud Psychosexual theory Used memories of his patients as primary source material Id Ego Superego Defense mechanisms

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Psychosocial Theory Erik Erikson (neo-Freudian) Development influenced by common cultural demands and internal drives Each psychosocial stage of development requires solution of a crisis Healthy development requires a favorable ratio of positive to negative experiences

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Learning Theories Classical Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov Reflex –Stimulus – Response connection Unlearned –Unconditioned Stimulus elicits Unconditioned Response Food automatically elicits Salivation Learned –Conditioned Stimulus elicits Conditioned Response Smell of food (bacon) elicits Salivation

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Learning Theories Operant Conditioning: B.F. Skinner. Behaviors dependent on reinforcement –Positive reinforcement –Negative reinforcement Punishment Shaping Extinction

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Learning Theories Social Cognitive Theory: Albert Bandura Observational Learning or modeling –Learning resulting from seeing a model reinforced or punished for a behavior –Dependent on four factors: Attention Memory Physical capabilities Motivation –Self - Efficacy

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Cognitive Theories Jean Piaget Scheme –internal cognitive structure. Assimilation –process of using schemes to make sense of experiences Accommodation –changing a scheme to incorporate new information Equilibration – –balancing assimilation and accommodation

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Cognitive Theories Jean Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development 1.Sensorimotor Stage 2.Preoperational Stage 3.Concrete Operational Stage 4.Formal Operational Stage

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Cognitive Theories Vygotsky’s Socio-Cultural Theory Complex forms of thinking have their origin in social interactions Children’s learning new cognitive skills guided by a more skilled partner –Zone of Proximal Development –Scaffolding Importance of Assisted Discovery

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Cognitive Theories Information Processing Theory Thinking about and studying memory processes Three Stage Theory of Memory –Sensory Memory –Short-Term or Working Memory –Long-Term Memory

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Figure 2.2 The Information Processing System

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Questions to Ponder Give an example each of a positive reinforcement and a punishment in your work or academic life. Looking at ecological systems theory, describe your personal exosystem, macrosystem, and microsystem influences.

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Biological Theories Behavioral Genetics How heredity affects individual differences –Shyness, intelligence, aggressiveness Related people such as children and parents have similar traits influenced by genes Child’s pattern of inherited quality can influence how she behaves with others

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Figure 2.3 IQs of Fraternal and Identical Twins

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Biological Theories Ethology –Genetically determined mechanisms that promote survival Sociobiology –The study of society using methods and concepts of biological science

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Bioecological Theory Urie Bronfenbrenner Explains development in terms of relationships between people and their environments Contexts –Macrosystem –Exosystem –Microsystem –Mesosystem –Biological Context

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Figure 2.4 Bronfenbrenner’s Contexts of Development

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Comparing Theories Evaluation of Usefulness of each theory –Generate predictions that can be tested –Heuristic value – the degree to which it stimulates research –Practical value –Explain the basic facts of development

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Comparing Theories

© 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers Eclecticism Multiple Theoretical Approaches Build on ideas from several sources Avoids rigid adherence to a single theory Allows deeper probing of specific behaviors