The War at Home and Establishing Peace

The War at Home  Wars fueled the economic expansion in the United States  World War I and World War II led to great levels of industrialization in the United States, increased exports, increased agricultural production, and moved the economy out of recession/depression

The War at Home  War Industries Board – Bernard M. Baruch 1. mass production 2. quotas on production 3. allocated raw materials – production went up about 20% 4. fuel was monitored 5. daylight savings time

The War at Home  Economy 1. wages went up – but housing, fuel, food were up also 2. strikes during war months 3. National Labor Board – workers who refused to work would lose their draft exemption.

The War at Home  Food Administration 1. produce 2. conserve  War financing 1. progressive income tax 2. liberty loan 3. victory loan bonds

The War at Home  Committee on Public Information (CPI) George Creel  Propaganda – biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions.

The War at Home Anti-immigrant Germans lost jobs Violence against German Americans – flogged – tar & feather – lynched – changed names of anything that was from German decent cities food animals

The War at Home  Espionage and Seditions Acts  Soon after declaring war on Germany and its allies in 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act and declared that the U.S. mail could not be used for sending any material urging "treason, insurrection or forcible resistance to any law." It punished offenders with a fine of up to $5,000 and a five-year prison term.

The War at Home  A person could be fined and put in jail if disloyal or abusive about the government or war effort. 1. Eugene Debs – put in jail for 10 years 2. Bill Hayward – put in jail for urging workers to strike

The War at Home  Great Migration – Southern blacks moving to the North  Why?  To find wartime jobs in the factories north and escape the discrimination in the south.

The War at Home  Women in War – (non – traditional jobs) 1. railroad workers 2. bricklayers 3. dockworkers 4. shipbuilding  ****they also held the traditional jobs for women****  Women still did not receive equal pay for the jobs performed

The War at Home Flu Epidemic – killed 500,000 Americans and as many as 30 million world wide 1918 was a bad year…..but at least the war ended!

Plans for Peace after World War I FOURTEEN POINTS PLAN Woodrow Wilson – Plan to end WWI was called the Fourteen Points.

Plans for Peace after World War I President Wilson’s plan to ensure that peace would last; included provisions for the reduction of armaments, freedom of the seas, end to secret alliances, removal of trade barriers, self-determination for nation-states, and international cooperation through an international body ( the League of Nations ).

Plans for Peace after World War I  The primary goal of the League of Nations was to provide a forum for countries to resolve their grievances without having to resort to war, thus, helping keep the United States from being led into another war.

Plans for Peace after World War I  Opponents in the U.S. Congress argued that participation in the League of Nations would pull the United States into unnecessary military commitments (entangling alliances). Many in Congress believed that U.S. involvement in the League of Nations would lead to U.S. involvement in economic and military action without the direct consent of Congress (taking power away from Congress).

Plans for Peace after World War I  Ultimately isolationist sentiments prevailed and the Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles to avoid participation in the League of Nations.

Plans for Peace after World War I U.S. participation in international organizations and treaties  Pros  Influence international policy  Protect American interest  Protect American Security  Assist other countries  Cons  Potential loss of American Sovereignty  Potential loss of American Security

Plans for Peace after World War I ****The Big Four rejected the Fourteen Points****  Big Four  United States  Great Britain  France  Italy Instead the Big Four adopt and sign the Treaty of Versailles.

Plans for Peace after World War I TREATY OF VERSAILLES  French and British leaders seemed more concerned with punishment of Germany, resulting in a treaty that imposed severe sanctions on Germany including reparation payments.

Plans for Peace after World War I TREATY OF VERSAILLES  Established new political boundaries in Europe. Additional treaties divided the Middle East, ended the Austrian- Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire and resulted in increased involvement of British and French in the Middle East and later the United States as allies of the British and French Germany in 1918 and its territorial losses

Plans for Peace after World War I TREATY OF VERSAILLES  By 1919 American support for isolationism regained popularity after fighting in a war that seemed to have brought little gains for Americans.