URBAN POLICY AND GOVERANCE AND INTITUITIONS Parvez Latif Qureshi 1

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6 POPULATION GROWTH

7 4.5 MILLION1.75 MILLION

8 URBANIZATION

9 CITY POPULATION

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12 ISLAMABAD

13 LAHORE

14 KARACHI

15 FAISALABAD

16 Figure 1.1: Population Pyramid of Pakistan, 1998 Population * Million World Ranking ** 6 Growth Rate2.1% Population Density 166 persons/ Sq. Km. Urban Population32.52% Broad Age-Groups < 15 years43.4% years53.09% > 653.5% Population Doubling Time33 years Sex Ratio (Male : Female)108.5 : 100 POPULATION PYRAMID OF PAKISTAN, 1998

17 CITY POPULATION 1981 Population Avg. Annual Growth Rate Both Sexes MaleFemale Average Household Size KARACHI9,339,0235,029,9004,309, ,208, LAHORE5,143,4952,707,2202,436, ,952, FAISALABAD M.C2,008,8611,053,085955, ,104, RAWALPINDI1,409,768750,530659, , MULTAN1,197,384637,911559, , HYDERABAD1,166,894612,283554, , GUJRANWALA M.C1,132,509588,512543, , PESHAWAR982,816521,901460, , QUETTA565,137307,759257, , ISLAMABAD529,180290,717238, , SARGODHA458,440239,837218, , SIALKOT421,502227,398194, , BAHAWALPUR408,395222,228186, , SUKKUR M.C335,551175,679159, , JHANG M.C293,366153,123140, , SHEIKHUPURA M.C280,263146,739133, , LARKANA M.C270,283140,622129, , GUJRAT M.C251,792128,524123, , MARDAN245,926129,247116, , KASUR M.C245,321129,553115, , RAHIMYAR KHAN M.C233,537121,446112, , SAHIWAL M.C208,778108,99299, , OKARA M.C201,815104,24597, , POPULATION SIZE AND GROWTH OF MAJOR CITIES

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40 1.Need to recognize that human settlements play a major role in the quality of life. 2.Need to recognize that existing cities and towns are growing/expanding due to urbanization, population increase and other related issues. 3.Lack of consistent comprehensive urban planning/human settlement policy in the country and the provinces. 4.A number of studies undertaken but lack of follow- up/limited implementation of these plans. 5.Urban Planning and development control has continued to concentrate in a few big urban centers. 6.Limited planning efforts in smaller and intermediate towns. 7.Institutional Arrangements for Implementation of Urban Plans are weak. OVERVIEW

41 8. Poor Urban Management Systems: - City Governments - Development Authorities - Municipal Corporations. - Municipal Town Committees 9.Lack of clear cut responsibilities among development agencies resulting in lack of coordination and implementation of development works. 10.The laws/regulations to control development activity are not being exercised effectively. 11.Local authorities do not have sufficient punitive/judicial powers to control haphazard development activity. 12.Poor/inadequate infrastructure in terms of water supply, sewage and roads. 13.Low income sector of population living in Slums/ Katchi Abadis. 14.Need to plan urban expansion of all cities and towns. 15.Financial Resource Constraints.

42  The inability to plan, manage and implement policies, projects and rules is constraining efficient urban development and service delivery.  Institutional weaknesses are constraining the capacity of local governments to mobilization capital and resources to service the development of cities.  Institutions lack the capacity to implement policies and reforms to ensure strong and effective government.  Institutions lack the ability and tools to improve financial management to raise capital for investment in strategic infrastructure. Urban Management

43 URBAN GOVERNANCE  Absence of efficient institutional structures;  Lack of integrated policy, planning, budgeting, financing, monitoring and evaluation at local level  Poor or over designed projects with inadequate attention given to cost recovery, participation, timing, economic benefits;  Lack of accountability ;  Overlapping functional responsibilities  Poor regulatory and monitoring framework. The challenges for effective urban management

44  Urban land markets, land administration and management systems are inefficient leading to the underperformance of other urban markets.  Obsolete and opaque system of land revenue records;  Irresponsive and inaccessible revenue machinery;  Multiple institutions and dispersed responsibilities;  There is growing uncertainty over tenure;  Disputes over rights and delays in courts;  Land tax systems are not yielding their full revenue potential;  Land use rights are not well defined and enforced and are substantially reducing the economic output which can be achieved from land and property Land management

Urban planning & development control  Explosive unplanned growth of cities;  Lack of local capacity to manage urban growth;  Increasing Slums and squatter developments;  Environmental degradation;  Overlapping planning organizations;  Lack of planning standards;  Absence of uniform planning techniques;  Piecemeal and adhoc planning & developments. 45

46  An estimated 2 to 3 million people are currently added to the population of urban areas every month, equivalent to 80,000 to 100,000 people each day  Household size is falling rapidly in cities.  Productive agriculture land will be lost due to urban expansion  Average unit length of urban infrastructure, e.g. roads, water supply, sewerage, electricity will rise substantially;  Cost of servicing urban areas will rise by a similar amount;  Few cities in Asia can be expected to meet the demands for urban services without significant improvements in effective urban planning, city management and financial practices. Urban service delivery

47 The Way Forward  Need to focus on planning and development of secondary cities and small towns  Need to focus on the urban poor  Need to develop and strengthen Urban Institutions  Need to develop a new cadre of professionals focusing on urban management

48 The End