History 171C The United States and the World

Depression-Era Diplomacy

Dawes and Young Plans, 1924 & 1929 Charles Dawes Owen Young

U.S. government posture toward to Soviet Union: Hostility to communism Vladimir Lenin

U.S. government posture toward to Soviet Union: Hostility to communism Insistence on payment of debts Vladimir Lenin

U.S. government posture toward to Soviet Union: Hostility to communism Insistence on payment of debts But inability to prevent American capitalists from trading with and investing in Soviet Union Vladimir Lenin

1928—Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawed war!

Prelude to Kellogg-Briand Pact: Raymond Orteig

Prelude to Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1927—Charles Lindbergh’s solo flight to Paris generated considerable Franco-U.S. goodwill

After Lindbergh flight, France proposed Franco-U.S. mutual non-aggression pact Frank Kellogg Aristide Briand

1928—Kellogg-Briand Pact U.S. motives: Evading alliance with France Catering to pacifist mood Frank Kellogg Aristide Briand

1928—Kellogg-Briand Pact

Depression-Era Diplomacy

Herbert Hoover

The Great Depression was rooted in the maldistribution of wealth in the United States

A very small number of people had too much money

... and a very large number had too little

The people with too little money did not have sufficient purchasing power to buy all the goods and services that were being produced

The wealthy, in effect, lending to the less well-off Credit buying in the 1920s

Wall Street in the 1920s

The Stock Market Crash left private investors unable, or unwilling, to keep investing in the US economy, resulting in massive business failures and job losses

Devastating impact of Great Depression

Herbert Hoover

“Hooverville”

“Hoover Wagon”

“Hoover Blanket”

U.S. investors stopped lending to foreign borrowers, who defaulted on loans International dimensions of Great Depression

Trade crisis exacerbated by Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1930 Part of more general global pattern of economic nationalism and insularity W.C. Hawley and Reed Smoot

Herbert Hoover

Increasing tensions between U.S. and Japan: Competition over China, especially Manchuria

South Manchuria Railway

Late 1920s—Chinese Koumintang (Goumindang) challenged Japanese encroachment on Manchuria

Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) Zhang Xueliang (Chang Hsueh-liang)

Response to Koumintang (Goumindang) challenge to Japanese encroachment on Manchuria Manchurian crisis, 1931

Outrage in U.S. (and elsewhere) over Japanese intervention

U.S. response to intervention in Manchuria: Stimson Doctrine, 1932 U.S. not to recognize legality of intervention or of any arrangement contrary to Kellogg- Briand Pact Secretary of State Henry Stimson

Herbert Hoover

League of Nations

Spring-Summer 1932— groups of WWI marched to Washington, DC, to demand early payment of military bonus The Bonus Army, 1932

General Douglas MacArthur and his aide, Major Dwight D. Eisenhower

Summer 1932—MacArthur’s troops violently expelled the Bonus Army and destroyed its encampments

Hoover’s mishandling of the Bonus March helped to ensure his defeat to Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election HooverRoosevelt

Franklin D. Roosevelt,

FDR Scion of a wealthy Dutch-American family

FDR Idolized Theodore Roosevelt, his distant relative

New York State Assemblyman, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Governor of New York, Vice President, 1901 President, TR

New York State Senator, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Democratic Candidate for Vice President, 1920 Governor of New York, President, FDR

FDR & Polio