Start of New Revolutions Characteristics of the colonial system Colonial governments mirrored the home governments. Catholicism had a strong influence on the development of the colonies. A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export.

Major cities were established as outposts of colonial authority. – Havana, Cuba – Mexico City, Mexico – Lima, Peru – São Paulo, Brazil – Buenos Aires, Argentina

Influences on Latin American Revolution -Enlightenment thinkers - American Revolution -Declaration of Independence -U.S. constitution - French Revolution

Rigid Class Structure Viceroys / colonial officers Creoles Mestizos

Division of Social Classes Peninsulares dominated political and social life Peninsulare – members of the highest social class who held top jobs in government and church (considered Spanish or Portuguese) Creoles resented the power of the peninsulares and their own status Creoles – members of the middle class who owned ranches and mines

Mestizos and Mulattoes were also angry at being denied power and wealth because of their race Mestizos- people of Native American and European descent Mulattoes- people of African and European descent

Influence of the American and French Revolutions on Latin America Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence. Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement. French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.

Freedom in Haiti First Latin American territory to free itself from European rule was French-ruled colony on the island of Hispaniola (present day Haiti) In Haiti, French colonists owned large sugar plantations- over 1/2 million African slaves worked The slaves were overworked, underfed and mistreated

Toussaint L ’ Ouverture Former slave who led Haitian rebellion against French Defeated the armies of three foreign powers: Spain, France, and Britain Angered at their treatment, slaves rose up to revolt in 1791

Toussaint L ’ Ouverture The rebels found a leader in Toussaint L ’ Ouverture L ’ Ouverture was an self educated former slave and was a very brilliant general and inspiring commander In 1801 moved to Haiti to free the slaves In reaction Napoleon sent French troops to stop L’Ouverture L’Ouverture was sent to prison (in the French Alps)where he died in 1803

What were the causes of the Latin American Revolutions? Which group of people fought for their freedom in Haiti? Who led them?

Simon Bolivar Native resident who led revolutionary efforts Venezuelan Creole general, admired French and American revolutionary ideas Put together an army of volunteer revolutionaries to fight the Spanish Liberated the northern areas of Latin America

Simon Bolivar Led 2,000 soldiers into Colombia where he took the Spanish army by surprise and won victory Went on to win independence for Venezuela and Ecuador where he drove out a majority of the Spanish forces By December 1824 the last major battle at Ayacucho, Peru was won for Latin American freedom

Mexico and Central America Revolt In many Latin American revolutions creoles led the revolt In Mexico, Indians and Mestizos led revolutionary movements In 1810 a Creole priest in Mexico, Father Miguel Hidalgo raised his voice for freedom

Father Hidalgo In 1810 he called Mexicans together to fight for independence o Hidalgo ’ s speech became known as “ el Grito de Dolores ” An army made up of 60,000 Mestizos and Native Americans marched towards Mexico City to call for an end to slavery and reforms for Native Americans There was opposition from Spanish and creoles who teamed up to fight Hidalgo’s army Less than year after his speech, Hidalgo was captured and executed in 1811

Results? Disunity in Latin America Poverty Split Republics

Activity Name at least 10 differences you see in the following maps.

Map Notes As I go through the map with you, please follow along. For homework, I want you to choose 5 Latin American countries and give me a brief (5 sentence) write up on their independence movements. This can be hand-written or typed. It can even be written on a map if you find room. This will be due on THURSDAY, the day of the test.

Latin American Revolutions Mini - Q Work through the background questions as a class. (Read individually) Work through Documents A and B individually. After you work through A and B, you can continue to work individually, or you can work with a partner on Documents C, D, E, F. For example, one partner could do C and D, while the other does E and F. When both are finished, you will explain your documents to your partner. If you just copy each other’s work, I will take your papers and you will start the assignment over individually.

Homework Over the weekend, you will use this DBQ to write a thesis statement that would address the Document Based Question. The question is: –Why did the Creoles lead the fight? * We will work on how to write a thesis together before I send you home to do it on your own.

Daily Quiz For each section of the map, tell me which liberator gained independence for that country/region.

U.S. Connections – Monroe Doctrine (1823) By 1800’s, most of Latin American colonies gained their independence Many Latin Americans and the United States were afraid European countries would try to reconquer newly independent territories President James Monroe issued Monroe Doctrine –Monroe Doctrine stated American continents were not subject for future colonization's from European countries

Monroe Doctrine Political Cartoon Activity Directions 1.There are 11 political cartoons. Number a blank sheet of paper from 1- 11, leaving at least 3 lines in between each number. You will also need to leave at least 5 or 6 lines at the end of the paper --- you will be writing a reflection piece at the end of this activity. Also, remember to put your name at the top of the paper!

Step 2 2. You will begin with a specific numbered political cartoon. Please make sure you write the analysis of each cartoon next to the appropriate number. You will have 1 minute to analyze each cartoon. When I yell “switch” you will hand it to the person in the order that we practice in class. By the end of the activity, you should have seen all 11 political cartoons.

Step 3 3. For each cartoon, you will write a short analysis of its meaning. ***Ask yourself the following questions… What are the subjects of this cartoon? What are some of the symbols? Are there any clear words I can make out? How was the illustrator trying to portray this topic?

Step 4 4. Write a reflection piece on this activity by answering the following question. ***Did any of these cartoons differ than the others? Why do you think they all had similar concepts, symbols, characters, etc.? What is the main idea of the cartoons?***

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