Living Systems Organisms

I- Living Things Carry Out Life Processes Out Life Processes A- Organisms,(any living thing) A- Organisms, (any living thing) share certain characteristics that set them apart from nonliving things.

B- Life Life Processes: 1-Getting and using energy a-Nutrition: Taking in food ingestion (ingestion) & breaking it down into a usable molecule digestion (digestion). b-Transport: Move materials throughout organism. c-Respiration: Releasing energy stored in food.

2- Getting rid of wastes: Excretion 3- Respond to changes in the Environment: Regulation (Stimulus causes a Response) 4- Growth & Development: Changing food intomore of themselves. 5- Reproduction: Making of more organisms of same kind to ensure the survival of the species.

C- The Compound Microscope: Uses two lenses. a- Eyepiece 10 times. b- Objectives usually more than one 10 times and 40 times. c- To find the total magnification you multiply the eyepiece with the objective being used. Example: eyepiece is 10 and objective is 40 = 400 times larger than actual size.

d- Stains are placed on the specimen to enhance the image iodine is a house hold stain that is often used. Parts of microscope Coarse-adjustment Coarse-adjustment knob- knob- used first under low power, once image is focused you use the fine adjustment knob to fine tune the image.

Eyepiece Body tube Arm Stage Base Fine adjustment Coarse adjustment Revolving nosepiece Light/Illuminator Diaphragm Stage Clip High power objective Low power objective

D- The Cell Basic Unit of Life: 1 - Cell Theory: States that all organisms are made of cells or of a cell, all cells come from other cells. 2- Cells Vary: a- size, shape, and arrangement. b- Unicellular: one cell c- Multicellular: many cells.

3- Parts and Function of Animal Cells a- Cell Membrane: thin structure covering the surface of the cell. Allows materials needed by cell to enter and wastes to leave. b- Cytoplasm: jellylike substance that fills cell. Contains proteins for growth and repair.

Mitochondria Vacuoles Nucleus Cell membrane Chromosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Cytoplasm Nuclear membrane Ribosome Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

c- Organelles: tiny structures in cytoplasm that perform specialjobs. Nucleus: “Control Center” Controls cell activities. These are stored in the chromosomes found in nucleus on genes. Nuclear membrane: allows information to enter and leave nucleus.

Mitochondria: “Powerhouse” cell respiration food is burned by combining it with oxygen to release energy. Endoplasmic reticulum: channels that run throughout the cell store and transport materials.Ribosome proteins used for growth and repair. Vacuoles: stores materials.

4-Plant Cells differ from Animal Cells a- Cell Wall: gives support and shape b- Chlorophyll: contains chloroplast for carrying outphotosynthesis. c- Large Vacuoles: stores mostly water.

ribosome nucleus nuclear membrane chromosomes Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum Cell membrane cytoplasm mitochondria Cell Wall Vacuole Chlorophyll Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

5- 5- Bacteria Bacteria cells cells have no nucleus, mitochondria, or endoplasmic reticulum. They still carry out all five life processes. Cell Wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosomes Chromosome

Microorganisms Microorganisms: Are unicellular organisms 1-Harmful 1-Harmful Microorganisms Microorganisms: Cause infectious diseases that can be passed on from one organism to the next. a. a. Noninfectious Noninfectious diseases: diseases: Diseases that are not caused by microorganisms. ~ ~High blood pressure, asthma, cancer etc.. ~ ~Causes = poor diet, allergies, chemicals, heredity etc…

2-Helpful Microorganisms: about 5% a. Examples: ~Decomposers ~ Decomposers: Break down dead materials and return nutrients back into soil. ~Yeast: ~ Yeast: bread, wine, and beer. ~ Mold: ~ Mold: Cheese, and medicine

Welcome Back

I-The Life Processes Getting Getting and Using energy Rid of Wastes GrowthGrowth and Development RespondingResponding to Changes in Environment ReproductionReproduction

1- 1-Transport: is the movement of materials through organism. Water is a key nutrient for this to occur. A A Closer look at Life Processes:

*Two types:  Diffusion Osmosis  Diffusion molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration with out the use of energy. Osmosis : diffusion of water.  Active Transport  Active Transport used by cells need to move molecules from low concentration to a high concentration. Cells require the use of energy

2- Getting and using energy: Green photosynthesis a-Nutrition plants: Green plants make own food. Through the processes of photosynthesis Photosynthesis CO 2 H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 * Photosynthesis: plants use energy from the sun and change carbon dioxide CO 2 and water H 2 O into sugar C 6 H 12 O 6. Energy from the sun is therefore stored in sugar.

Photosynthesis *Photosynthesis produces oxygen O 2. green *Chlorophyll green pigment in leaves contains chloroplast needed for photosynthesis.

b-Nutrition b-Nutrition Animals: Animals: get energy nutrition “nutrition” by eating other organisms. The original source of energy is the sun. Water “Water” is also an important part of nutrition in plants and animals.

c-Respiration: c-Respiration: is the processes that organisms use to release energy stored in food. Respiration is the opposite of Photosynthesis. Respiration Respiration: sugar + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis: energy + carbon dioxide + water = sugar + oxygen Respiration Respiration: sugar + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water All organisms get energy directly or indirectly from the SUN

3- Getting ride of wastes :Excretion 3- Getting ride of wastes : “Excretion” process of removing waste from the body. Filtered out of blood. a-Wastes = Carbon dioxide, urea, salt & excess water. b-Wastes are removed by exhaling, perspiring, and urinating in animals, and by transpiration in plants.

4-Responding to changes in the environment: regulation Stimuli 4-Responding to changes in the environment: regulation Organisms respond to internal and external changes in their environment known as Stimuli. a- Examples = migration, drinking, perspiring, hibernation, growing of fur etc.. “homeostasis” b- Regulation helps organisms maintain “homeostasis” the maintenance of a constant internal environment.

5-Reproduction: 5-Reproduction: Organisms reproduce to ensure the survival of species. a- a- Two Types of reproduction: 1) 1) Asexual Asexual Reproduction Reproduction: process of producing a new organism with only one parent. The new organism has the exact same DNA as the parent.

b- b- Types of Asexual Reproduction: Fission or Binary Fission: Fission: one cell splits to form two cells with the same DNA

Budding: Budding: a new organism grow from the body of the parent. The bud can stay on to form a colony, or break apart

Regeneration: A new organism forms from a piece of the parent or the parent re-grows the missing piece

Sporulation Sporulation: Some organisms produce reproductive cells in a protective covering called a Spore.

2) 2) Sexual Reproduction Reproduction involves the combination of DNA from two parents. Fertilization is the joining of DNA from The male (SPERM, POLLEN) POLLEN) and DNA of the female (EGG). (EGG). The new organisms is a combination of both parents.