Timeline Date- Event Title –This is a description of the thing which happened which Bair is having me research and how it relates to Environmental Science. I think it is really interesting and want to learn more about it and other historical events in Environmental Science. Times New Roman Font Size 12 Single Space

In the beginning Human’s exist on earth for between 100 and 500,000 yrs. Humans were hunter/ gatherers until about 12,000 years –Agricultural Revolution began 12,000 yrs ago

Eras of Environmental History Tribal Frontier Conservation Environmental

Tribal 5-10 million US population Hunter Gatherer with some sustainable agriculture Reverence for land and no ownership

Hunter Gatherers Acquired things they need through collecting edible plants, hunting, fishing and scavenging Nomadic Life span years slow pop. Growth Expert knowledge about their world and their resources,

H/G Impact Had more impact as they advanced. –Tools improved (fire) Helped extinction of saber tooth tiger, giant sloth, cave bear, mammoth… Carried seeds, changed distribution of plants Low resource use allows environment to repair

Agricultural Revolution 10-12,000 years ago Began in SE Asia, Mexico, NE Africa Discovered how to grow plants Grew many tubers Slash and burn agriculture Shifting Agriculture

Agricultural Revolution –Cultural shift that began in several regions of the world –Involved a gradual move from a lifestyle based on nomadic hunting Agroforestry –Planting a mixture of food crops and tree crops –Picnic Crashing

Agricultural Revolution Slash-and-burn –Cutting down trees and other vegetation and then burning the underbrush to clear small patches of land Subsistence Farming –Family grew only enough food to feed itself.

Why did some places adapt to agriculture an others not? Domestication of animals (which animals) –Advantages and disadvantages Domestication of plants (almonds) Suitable habitat to raise both Distribution of plant hybrids and animal breeds –East West not up down or North South Jared Diamond: Guns Germs and Steel

Frontier 1600’s Resources thought to be inexhaustible Ethic of ownership and conqueror Does this thinking remain?

Industrial Medical Revolution Began 1700 in GB and US by 1800 Shift from renewable resources to coal Mass production of goods Air pollution from ash (Kettelwell) Working Conditions Poor (Dickens) Advancements in Tech lead to less needed farmers Muck Rakers (Ask my wife…)

Changing Life With Machinery Newcomen Steam Engine

Steam Engine James Watt was the major innovator Used to evacuate water from coal and other mines Positive feedback loop (cooking sausages) Similar to that of other energy innovations

Can technology Help us to Improve the Environment Maps Awareness Confusion Beginning of the end for diversity

Early Conservation Era Conservationist= protection of public wilderness land Henry David Thoreau –“Life in the Woods” –“On Walden Pond” –“I once had a sparrow alight upon my shoulder for a moment, while I was hoeing in a village garden, and I felt that I was more distinguished by that circumstance that I should have been by any epaulet I could have worn." - Henry David Thoreau ( ) George Perkins Marsh –Scientist/ Legislator –Man and Nature –Presented studies which showed how resources should be conserved.

Cuyahoga River Catches Fire 1868, 1883, 1887

Progressives Role of private citizen and Government increasing to protect natural resources –Forest Reserve Act 1891 –John Muir Founded Sierra Club in 1892 Conservation Lobbyist Responsible for establishing Yosemite National Park 1890 –Audubon in East

Theodore Roosevelt Established wildlife Reserves Tripled size of national forests Talked congress into letting the president set aside land as federal wildlife reserves Created Forest Service (Gilford Pinchot) Antiquates Act 1906 –Protect lands of scientific or historical interest as monuments.

Theodore 1907 congress banned withdraw of lands from these programs Considered best environmental President

Cuyahoga River Catches Fire 1912

National Park Service Act Passes 1916 Harding Coolidge and Hoover promoted removal of resources from forests to promote development Great Depression Slowed purchase of lands by private citizens 1930’s government bought land and employed workers to restore land.

Cuyahoga River Catches Fire 1922

Civilian Conservation Corps 1933 Two million people obtained work form CCC Irrigation, Dam building, Flood Control, Irrigation and cheap electricity Stayed working through 1940’s and 50’s thanks to WWII and economic recovery Gooooo Grandpa

Cuyahoga River Catches Fire 1936, 1941, 1948

London Fog Killed thousands of Londoners in 4 days 1952 Not really fog

Cuyahoga River Catches Fire 1952.

Environmental Era Information and globalization revolution began 50 years ago 60’s began modern environmental movement Silent Spring 1962 Congress passed Wilderness Act 1964 Paul Erlich, Population Bomb I=PAT Barry Commoner "The first law of ecology is that everything is related to everything else." Garrett Hardin Tragedy of the Commons NEPA and FOIA Access to Studies 1969 People first saw earth from space Sierra Club v. Morton

Spaceship Earth Worldview Candy to the person who can identify the location.

Nixon EPA ESA

1970’s First Earth day April 20, 1970 Federal land Policy and management Act % of public land are in 12 western states. Sagebrush rebellion –Farmers, Ranchers, Developers tried to get government. to sell or lease lands. This was the return to Hooverian thinking

Sierra v. Morton

Jimmy (The Bull) Carter Department of energy created Appointed environmentalists Created Superfund as part of the comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act – To clean up abandoned sites Tripled the National Wilderness system and doubled land in National Parks

1980’s Backlash from 60’s and 70’s Regan increased privatization of energy mineral and timber resources Many of policies resulted in public outrage and were challenged Wise-use backed by coal, oil, mining, autos and timber

George H.W. Bush 1989 Supported exploitation of lands Promised to be the environmental president as he proceeded to cut environmental programs

The Clinton Era Environmentalists to key positions Protected more land in lower 48 than any other President Fighting claims that global warming is not a hoax Grassroots organization to raise awareness Drop Grazing Subsidies Shut government down because of ANWR Veto Kyoto Protocol No logging in Road less land 58 million acres

Air In 1977 L.A. Had 121 days when air was too dirty for kids to play outside In 2000 all days were ok for kids to play outside.

George W. Bush Began to instantly weaken Environmental policy Energy policy relies on fossil fuels Relaxed clean air and water quality Tried to repeal or weaken most pro environment. Measures made by Clinton Placed into protection 3 Marine National Monuments 195,000 acres of pacific

Bush’s Appointments Ashcroft – Rated poorly by environmental groups while in senate –Said he would defend Clintons 58 million Acres… he didn’t. Andrew Card –Lobbied for GM Cheney –One of 16 congressmen to vote against ESA

How to Convince the Public You Like the Environment Words of environmental politics Cleaner, Safer, Healthier, Common Sense Critical Habitat now open for Development “Healthy Forests” “Clean Skies” “Clean Water “ “Freedom Car “

Sources satellite/sat_braz_102.jpghttp:// satellite/sat_braz_102.jpg satellite.jpghttp:// satellite.jpg ges/ivan z.jpghttp:// ges/ivan z.jpg lwww.traipse.com/earth_and_moon/index.htm l

Your Land Ethic

Environmental Worldviews How people think the world works What they think their role in the world should be What they see as right and wrong environmental behavior (environmental ethics)

Planetary Management Worldview Increasingly common during the past 50 years. We are the planet’s most important species We are in charge of the rest of nature

Planetary Management Worldview There is always more All economic growth is good Potential for economic growth is limitless Our success depends on how well we manage earth’s system for our benefit

Earth-Wisdom Worldview Nature exists for all of the earth’s species, not just for us There is not always more Not all forms of economic growth is beneficial to the environment Our success depends on learning to cooperate with one another and with the earth

Working with the Earth Earth Wisdom –Learning as much as we can about how the earth sustains itself –Adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions –Integrating such lessons from nature into the ways we think and act

Restorationist We should restore the environment back to the way it was before we arrived. When did we arrive?

Conservationist Let’s use our lands in such a way that they will be sustained for current and future generations.

Preservationist Let’s set aside lands to protect undisturbed areas from human activity Clinton’s last hurrah

Case Study: Aldo Leopold and His Land Ethic  Individuals are interdependent  Ethics: respect for land  Shift from conqueror to member  Problems arise when land viewed as a commodity  Preservation of the integrity, stability, and beauty of land is right