Cellular Energy

Why do you get hungry?

Feeling hungry is your body’s way of telling you your cells need energy. All cells need a constant supply energy to stay alive.

All Cells Need Energy!!!!!!! Why do you get hungry? Feeling hungry is your body’s way of telling you your cells need energy. All cells need a constant supply energy to stay alive. Where does that energy come from??????

Food Chains

I.The sun is the ultimate source of all energy needed to fuel the chemical activities of cells. Most food chains begin with the process of photosynthesis.

A. Photosynthesis – Process that converts the sun’s energy into sugars for plant cells. Plants and algae are producers (or autotrophs) which means they use energy from the sun to create food

A. All cells use chemical energy. Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds between atoms of every molecule B. Plants convert light energy from the sun into chemical energy by creating molecules of glucose.

C. Plants use some of the chemical energy (glucose) they create to make ATP (energy) for their own cells

D. The rest of the chemical energy (glucose) is stored in the plant’s tissues and is eaten by consumers E. The cells of organisms must be able to release the chemical energy that is stored in the bonds of glucose

Food Chains

Energy Pyramid- Shows Energy Lost as You Move up a Food Chain

In the space provided, explain in your own words why the sun is the ultimate source of all energy on earth.

Producers (plants and plant-like protists) use energy from the sun during photosynthesis to make sugar (food / glucose). This sugar now becomes a source of energy for the plants and the consumers that eat the plants.

1. All food chains begin with A.Decomposers B.Consumers C.Producers D.Herbivores

Eukaryotic Plant Cell

II.How does this process begin? A.Chloroplast- organelle that performs photosynthesis reaction B. Pigments- molecules in the chloroplast that absorb sunlight 1.Chlorophyll – green; main pigment 2.Carotenoids- yellow to orange; extra pigments that are responsible fall colors

C. photosynthesis reaction – 6CO + 6H 2 O + light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 (Carbondioxide + water + light  Glucose + Oxygen)

Photosynthesis Water + Carbon Dioxide + light energy Glucose + Oxygen 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light Energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Carbon Dioxide (6C02) Water (6H2O) Glucose (C6H12O6) Oxygen (6O2) Chloroplast Sun Light

Photosynthesis

2. Along with sunlight, what do plants and algae take in to carry out photosynthesis? a.Glucose and oxygen b.Carbon dioxide and water c.Glucose and water d.Oxygen and carbon dioxide Write this answer down on # 2

3. What do plants and algae produce during the process of photosynthesis? a.Glucose and oxygen b.Carbon dioxide and water c.Glucose and water d.Oxygen and carbon dioxide Write this answer down on # 3

4. In which organelle does the process of photosynthesis occur in? A.Mitochondria B.Golgi Body C.Ribosome D.Chloroplast

Cellular Energy Part Two Cellular Respiration

Cellular Energy All cells need energy in order to survive and reproduce. Today, we are going to continue our discussion about how cells obtain the energy that they need.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis Summary In the process of photosynthesis, producers like plants and algae use the energy in sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Water + Carbon Dioxide + light energy  Glucose + Oxygen

Cellular Respiration Cells use cellular respiration to release the energy stored in the glucose (occurs in the mitochondria) Like photosynthesis, cellular respiration is a process that changes starting materials into new products.

I. Cellular Respiration – process that allows organisms to get energy for their cells from glucose (FOOD!). A.Mitochondria – organelle that performs cellular respiration. Plant and animal cells have mitochondria. B. Cellular respiration reaction = C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP Glucose + oxygen  carbondioxide + water + energy NOW… put this equation into the diagram on your paper! Add the reactants on the left side, and the products on the right side.

Cellular Respiration Oxygen (6O2) Glucose (C6H12O6) Energy (ATP) Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) Water (6H2O) Glucose + Oxygen ATP + Water + Carbon Dioxide C 6 H 12 O O 2 ATP + 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 Mitochondria

1. What do cells take in during the process of cellular respiration? A.Glucose and oxygen B.Carbon dioxide and water C.Water and glucose D.Oxygen and carbon dioxide Write this answer down on # 1

2. What do cells produce during the process of cellular respiration? A.Glucose and oxygen B.Carbon dioxide and water C.Water and glucose D.Oxygen and carbon dioxide Write this answer down on #2

3. In which organelle does the process of cellular respiration occur in? A.Mitochondria B.Golgi Body C.Ribosome D.Chloroplast

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Carbon Dioxide Water Oxygen Glucose Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Chloroplast Mitochondria ATP

In your own words, describe how the chloroplast and the mitochondria work together

Fermentation Unicellular organisms like bacteria and some species of fungi rely on fermentation to release the energy stored in glucose.

I. Fermentation – getting energy from food without oxygen – occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell A.Two types- Lactic Acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation 1.Alcoholic fermentation - produces alcohol; Bacteria and yeast break down sugar and release alcohol as waste. Used to make bread, yogurt, cheese, pickles, beer, and wine. Fermentation is what gives some foods their unique flavor. C6H12O6  2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 + ATP Glucose  ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide+ cellular energy

2. Lactic acid fermentation - Produce lactic acid; Runners Burn  muscle cells that don’t get enough oxygen switch to fermentation in order to get energy; lactic acid builds up and causes burning sensation

1. Why do human cells switch from cellular respiration to fermentation? A.To produce larger quantities of ATP B.To produce larger quantities of glucose C.They are not getting enough oxygen D.They are not getting enough carbon dioxide Write this answer down on # 1

2. Describe a situation that has caused your cells to switch from cellular respiration to fermentation.

Strenuous Exercise!

3.Where does fermentation occur within the cell? A.The mitochondria B.The cytoplasm C.The chloroplast D.The cell membrane

Eukaryotic Plant Cell

Photosynthesis Cellular respiration

Fermentation Cellular respiration

Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation Function

Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation Function Convert sunlight into glucose Convert Glucose into ATP

Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation What does it use?

Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation What does it use? Sunlight Water Carbon dioxide Glucose Oxygen Glucose

Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation What does it produce?

Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation What does it Produce ? Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water ATP Carbon dioxide Alcohol or lactic acid ATP

Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation Where does it take place within the cell?

Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation Where does it take place within the cell? ChloroplastMitochondriaCytoplasm

Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation Which type of organisms use this process?

Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fermentation Which type of organisms use this process? Plants Algae Some types of bacteria All organismsBacteria Fungi Animals

Food Chains

Complex organisms, like plants, are organized in the following way: cells tissues organs organ systems organisms

Plant life begins with a CELL:

A group of similar cells working together make a TISSUE:

A combination of two or more tissues that work together make an: ORGAN

A group of organs working together make an: ORGAN SYSTEM

Organ systems working together to create something that can live on its own is an: ORGANISM

Gregor Mendel studied pea plants and discovered many of the principles involved w/ heredity

Plants reproduce both asexually and sexually

In asexual reproduction, there is only one parent and all offspring are identical to the parent

Asexual reproduction in Plants:

In sexual reproduction, there are two parents and the offspring inherit traits from each parent

Sexual Reproduction in Plants:

The sets of instructions an offspring receives from parents are known as genes, different forms of the same gene are called alleles.

Chromosomes and Genes

Chromosomes

Genes

Alleles can be dominant (B) or recessive. Dominant genes will be expressed whenever present (BB or Bb)

Recessive genes (b) can ONLY be expressed when two are present (bb)

These genes are located on chromosomes on the DNA in the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells

Meiosis is the process used by eukaryotic cells to make new sex cells

Meiosis

At the end of meiosis, 4 new cells are created with ½ the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

Mitosis – is the process of cell (nuclear) division in w/ one parent cell divides to create 2 new, identical cells (used by body cells)

Mitosis

Selective breeding or genetic engineering can produce plants with desired traits (seedless watremelons)

Genetic Engineering

Some scientists think that plants evolved over time from ancient plant-like protists and cyanobacteria