LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH DESIGN

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Presentation transcript:

LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH DESIGN

WHY DO A LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out Helps to develop a good understanding and insight into relevant previous research and the trends that have emerged In all project reports, you should return to the key issues from the literature in your discussion and conclusions

THE LITERATURE REVIEW PROCESS Source: © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis, Adrian Thornhill and Martin Jenkins 2003

KEY WORDS AND LITERATURE REVIEW The identification of key words or ‘search’ terms is the most important part of planning your search for relevant literature Key words are the basic terms that describe your research question(s) and objectives, and will be used to search the tertiary literature Techniques for generating keywords include: Discussions Brainstorming Initial reading, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, handbooks and thesauruses Relevance trees which key words are directly relevant to your research question(s) and objectives; which areas you will search first and which your search will use later; which areas are more important – these tend to have more branches. To construct a relevance tree: 1  Start with your research question or objective at the top level. 2  Identify two or more subject areas that you think are important. 3  Furthersubdivideeachmajorsubjectareaintosub-areasthatyouthinkareofrelevance. 4  Furtherdividethesub-areasintomoreprecisesub-areasthatyouthinkareofrelevance.

KEY WORDS AND LITERATURE REVIEW Relevance Tree Source: © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009

LITERATURE SOURCES AVAILABLE Source: © Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009

STRATEGIES IN THE LITERATURE REVIEW start at a more general level before narrowing down to your specific research question(s) and objectives provide a brief overview of key ideas and themes summarise, compare and contrast the ideas of the key writers narrow down to highlight previous research work most relevant to your own research provide a detailed account of the findings of this research and show how they are related highlight those aspects where your own research will provide fresh insights lead the reader into subsequent sections of your project report, which explore these issues

CRITICAL REVIEW OF LITERATURE whichever way you structure your review you must demonstrate that you have read, understood and evaluated the items you have located link the different ideas you find in the literature to form a coherent and cohesive argument, which sets in context and justifies your research your literature review should be organised thematically around the ideas contained in the research being reviewed rather than the researchers use sub-headings within the literature review to help guide your reader the structure of your literature review should draw your reader’s attention to those issues which are going to be the focus of your research your literature review lead your reader into subsequent sections of your project report

RESEARCH DESIGN

WHAT IS YOUR RESEARCH DESIGN Your research design is the general plan of how you will go about answering your research question(s) It will contain: clear objectives, derived from your research question(s) specify the sources from which you intend to collect data consider the constraints that you will inevitably have (e.g. access to data, time, location and money) discuss ethical issues You must have valid reasons for all your research design decisions and justifications should always be based on your research question(s) and objectives

THE PURPOSE OF YOUR RESEARCH EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE EXPLANATORY An exploratory study is a valuable means of finding out ‘what is happening; to seek new insights; to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light’ (Robson 2002:59). It is particularly useful if you wish to clarify your understanding of a problem, such as if you are unsure of the precise nature of the problem descriptive research is ‘to portray an accurate profile of persons, events or situations’ (Robson 2002:59). This may be an extension of, or a forerunner to, a piece of exploratory research or, more often, a piece of explanatory research Studies that establish causal relationships between variables may be termed explanatory research. The emphasis here is on studying a situation or a problem in order to explain the relationships between variables (Box 5.2). You may find, for example, that a cursory analysis of quantitative data on manufacturing scrap rates shows a relationship between scrap rates and the age of the machine being operated

DATA COLLECTION PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION observation structured, semi-structured, unstructured interviews in-depth and group interviews questionnaires

CREDIBILITY OR RESEARCH FINDINGS Reliability 1 Will the measures yield the same results on other occasions? 2 Will similar observations be reached by other observers? 3 Is there transparency in how sense was made from the raw data? Validity Reliability refers to the extent to which your data collection techniques or analysis proce- dures will yield consistent findings Validity is concerned with whether the findings are really about what they appear to be about. Is the relationship between two variables a causal relationship?

THE ETHICS OF RESEARCH DESIGN the research design should not subject those you are researching (the research population) to embarrassment, harm or any other material disadvantage.