WHY YOUR EMERGENCY PLAN MUST HAVE A PAPER COMPONENT John C. White CNMT Chair, North Texas Radiation Response Group Radiation Safety Officer, VA North Texas Health Care System* *NOT Representing VA in this presentation

Your PLAN Often Complex Many Participating Elements Often Depends on Close Collaboration and Good Communications Post-Drill After Action Reports Often Report Communications is Weakest Link Often Depends on Trained Personnel with Knowledge of Plan and Contacts Common Core: Electronic Communications

Your PLAN

The FIVE potential causes of Long-Term Power Loss Natural Causes: – Earthquake or Major Widespread Storm – Solar Storm Man-Made Causes: – Cyberattack – Physical Attack at Critical Point – Electromagnetic Pulse

Earthquake Hazard As of 2000 Some Warning, Systems in Infancy

Earthquake

Major Storm Rita Katrina Usually Ample Warning

Major Storm

Solar Storm Vast, as in Gigatons, of Charged Particles Planet-wide or Local Effects Double Event Possible, and Has Happened – 775 A.D. Massive Radiation Event Stripped Ozone from Planet, Increase in Carbon-14 – 1859 Carrington Event Set Fires in Telegraph Stations Aurora Borealis Seen in Jamaica and Hawaii Read Newspaper by the Light in Colorado – March 13, 1989 Major Solar Storm Quebec/Ontario Region Blackout – July 23, 2012 Carrington-level Event Missed Earth by one week in orbit Less Than 24 Hours Warning

The Sun – Solar Storms

Earth Compared to Sun

Aurora – In 1859, seen as far South as Jamaica. Reports of ‘Unusual Sky’ in Tahiti. Miners in Colorado could read newspaper, thought it was morning. Effects

1989 Blackout

Partially Melted Transformer

Cyberattack Mounting Attempts at Cyberattacks – Increased Sophistication of Tools and Attacks – Less Depth of Knowledge of Intruders Little Warning

Cyberattacks Ukraine

Cyberattack

Increasing Cyber Threat Complex Attack Structures Billions Spent on Defense USA is Better Off than Most Countries Eternal Vigilance

Physical Attack on Critical Component Little or No Warning

Sparks From Bullets Hitting Fence Youtube Video California Power Substation

California Substation Attack Oil Leaking from Damage 17 of These Transformers Were Damaged. It Took 27 Days to Replace.

Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Natural and Man-Made Extremely Destructive Scalable Line-of-sight Simple to Implement, Deadly to Response Vast Social Impact Potentially Very Long Time to Recover

EMP Characteristics Rise Time ~20 MICROseconds EMP Field 1kV-5 KILOvolts/m

EMP Characteristics KILOvolts/m Field Strength (~1 MEGAwatt/sq. meter) 10 NANOsecond Rise Time

Electromagnetic Pulse Small Nuclear Weapon + Missile + Altitude = Possible High Energy RF Pulse Very Fast Rise Time, 1000X Faster than Lightning Very Large Power =~ 1 MW/sq.m. Little or No Warning

Electromagnetic Pulse Scalable !!! – Lower Altitude, Smaller Area Targeted – Lower Nuclear Yield, Lower Field Strength

EMP Characteristics

Military EMP Testing Adm. Gortney, April 7, 2015 Pax. River HPD/VPD Albuq. Trestle

Electromagnetic Pulse Requires Faraday Cage and Treatment of Penetrations Complex Threat Environment, Complex Response by Equipment Requires Planning for Eventuality

Your PLAN Must Be Robust And Simple Must Be Partially Non-Electronic Must Be At Least Partially Executable Without Computers or Communications Must Have Capability To Record Information On Paper

SUMMARY Electrical Grid is Vulnerable Loss of Power Can Be Long, or Short Long-Term Power Loss is Devastating to Society

The First Hundred Minutes Draft to Interagency Group April 2016 – DHS-S&T, DOE-BNL, DOE-SNL Final Late Summer Action Oriented Guidance for RDD Results from UASI Planning Led by National Urban Security Technology Laboratory

The First Hundred Minutes What Will You Know? – There Was An Explosion – There Is Radiation – Maybe Some Information on Exposure Rate – CNN Reports The End Of The World As We Know It (TEOTWAWKI) – Facebook/Instagram/Youtube Videos Proliferate – There Are More Questions Than You Can Possibly Answer

EARLY (Emergency Response) INTERMEDIATE (Incident Stabilization) 100 mins10 mins 15 mins 90 mins 60 mins 030 mins5 mins RECOGNIZE that radiation is present at the scene of explosion. INFORM responders and the public of the initial default Hot Zone and Shelter-in-Place zones and notify local, state and federal authorities to request assistance. INITIATE a multiagency response, with agencies conducting lifesaving rescue operations and securing and managing the scene, without waiting for radiation monitoring to begin. MEASURE & MAP radiation levels at the detonation site, in the near field, and downwind to initially characterize and visualize the extent of the radiological contamination. EVACUATE & MONITOR populations from impacted areas and begin to identify locations to open Community Reception Centers for screening and population monitoring. A Concept for a Successful Response Five Missions – 10 Tactics 40

Time-Phased Response Tactics 41

0 EARLY (Emergency Response) INTERMEDIATE (Incident Stabilization) 100 mins10 mins 15 mins 90 mins 60 mins 30 mins5 mins RECOGNIZE 0 – 5 minutes 1. Initial Response and On Scene Recognition 2. Confirm the Presence of Radiation INFORM 5 – 10 minutes 3. Give Report from the Scene 4. Issue Protective Actions to the Public 5. Notify Partners and Request Assistance INITIATE 5 – 40 minutes 6. Initiate Lifesaving Rescue Operations 7. Secure and Manage the Scene MEASURE & MAP 15 – 90 minutes 8. Measure and Map Radiation Levels EVACUATE & MONITOR >70 minutes 9. Commence Phase Evacuations 10. Monitor and Decontaminate A Concept for a Successful Response 42

Current Efforts

Texas Grid Security Summit April 28-29, 2016 State Capitol

Current Efforts FBI Infragard EMP SIG FERC/NERC Requirements Citizen Awareness National Disaster Life Support Foundation – Basic Disaster Life Support Training Amateur Radio: QST has EMP papers Other Small Efforts

Take-Away Messages Total Reliance on Electronic Information and Electronic Communications is Poor There Are Many Ways Electrical Supply Can Fail The More Locations Needed In The Contact Path for which Electricity Is Required, The More Likely The Failure Actions To Be Taken In The First 100 Minutes Can Determine Outcome Contact Information Only As Good As Communications First Actions To Be Taken Should Be On Paper