Intra-procedural Anticoagulation for PCI: Which Drug? How Much? How Long? Michael J. Cowley, FSCAI Nothing to Disclose

Anticoagulation for PCI Heparin LMWH Bivalirudin Fondaparinux Heparin LMWH Bivalirudin Fondaparinux Which Agent?

UFH: Clinical Experience, Non-inferiority UFH + GPI: Numerous studies (vs UFH alone) LMWH: ESSENCE, TIMI 11, INTERACT SYNERGY, STEEPLE Bivalirudin: BAT, REPLACE 2, ACUITY, HORIZONS ACS Fondaparinux: OASIS 5; OASIS 6 Beneficial Agents Interventional Pharmacology

Anti-thrombin Platelet Effects UFH Xa / IIa Aggregation GP 2b/3a Inhibition ADP inhibitor Inhibition LMWH Xa / IIa Minimal effect Bivalirudin IIa (direct) Inhibition

Unfractionated Heparin

 Indirect thrombin inhibitor  Requires AT3 for activation  Does not inhibit clot-bound thrombin  Nonspecific binding to: ―Plasma proteins ―Endothelial cells (variable anticoagulation level)  Inhibited by platelet factor 4 ―reduced effect in ACS  Causes platelet aggregation  Risk of HIT Disadvantages  Multiple sites of action in coagulation cascade (IIa,Xa)  Long history of successful clinical use  Readily monitored by aPTT and ACT  Very inexpensive Advantages Hirsh J, et al: Circulation 2001;103:

2011 PCI Guidelines Administration of IV UFH is useful in patients undergoing PCI. (Level of Evidence: C) Unfractionated Heparin Class I:

LMWH with PCI

Advantages of LMWH vs UFH No platelet activation Inhibits von Willebrand factor release Augments TFPI release Inhibits thrombin generation No rebound hypercoagulability No platelet activation Inhibits von Willebrand factor release Augments TFPI release Inhibits thrombin generation No rebound hypercoagulability

Enoxaparin and PCI In Cath Lab Transition to Cath Lab NICE 1 NICE 4 ELECT Choussat Carnendran STEEPLE NICE 1 NICE 4 ELECT Choussat Carnendran STEEPLE Collet PEPCI PK study NICE 3 SYNERGY Collet PEPCI PK study NICE 3 SYNERGY

Enoxaparin vs UFH Death or MI at 30 Days* TrialEnoxUFH OR [95% CI]Odds Ratio (95% CI) ESSENCE [0.58, 1.01] TIMI 11B [0.60, 1.10] INTERACT [0.28, 1.08] A to Z [0.68, 1.67] SYNERGY [0.68, 1.05] Overall [0.70, 0.94] Enox better UFH better Test for heterogeneity: χ 2 = 2.86, df = 4, P = Petersen JL: JAMA 2004;292:89-96 * No pre-randomization therapy

LMWH vs UFH in PCI Trials LMWH n=3787 n=3787UFHn=978p Efficacy EP 5.8%7.6%0.03 Major Bleed 0.6%1.8% Minor Bleed 3.1%3.1%ns Pooled Results (15 studies) Borentain, Montalescot: ESC 2003

Enoxaparin in PCI Trials Enox 0.5 n=798 Enox 0.75 n=1051 Enox 1.0 n=1226 p Efficacy EP1.8%6.9%6.6% All Bleed2.3%4.8%3.9%0.02 Pooled Results Borentain, Montalescot: ESC 2003

IV enoxaparin 0.5 mg/kg n=1070 IV enoxaparin 0.5 mg/kg n=1070 STEEPLE Trial IV enoxaparin 0.75 mg/kg n=1228 IV enoxaparin 0.75 mg/kg n= pts undergoing non-emergent single or multi-vessel PCI Primary Endpoint: Major / minor bleeding (non-CABG) at 48 hrs post-PCI Secondary Endpoints: - Percent reaching target anticoagulation levels at start and end of PCI - Composite of major bleed (48 hrs), mortality; MI, urgent TVR at 30 days Primary Endpoint: Major / minor bleeding (non-CABG) at 48 hrs post-PCI Secondary Endpoints: - Percent reaching target anticoagulation levels at start and end of PCI - Composite of major bleed (48 hrs), mortality; MI, urgent TVR at 30 days UFH (ACT – adjusted) Target ACT With GP IIb/IIIa Target ACT if no GP IIb/IIIa n=1230 UFH (ACT – adjusted) Target ACT With GP IIb/IIIa Target ACT if no GP IIb/IIIa n=1230 Montalescot: NEJM 2006;355:

STEEPLE Primary Endpoint % Non-CABG Major or Minor bleeding at 48 hrs p=0.014 vs UFH p=0.052 vs UFH Lower bleeding seen overall and in the GPI subgroup Montalescot: NEJM 2006;355:

STEEPLE Primary Endpoint % p=0.005 vs UFH p=0.007 vs UFH Major Bleeding Montalescot: NEJM 2006;355:

% p=ns Major Bleed at 48 hrs and 30 day Death, MI, or urgent TVR STEEPLE: Secondary Composite Endpoint Montalescot: NEJM 2006;355: No difference in Death or MI among groups

% p=0.008 The Synergy Investigators: JAMA 2004; 292: p=0.396 SYNERGY Efficacy at 30 days

SYNERGY Outcomes with Consistent Therapy* Intention-to-treat n=3398n=2740 * Consistent therapy: no pre-randomized therapy, or randomized to the same therapy were receiving % p=ns The Synergy Investigators: JAMA 2004; 292: n=3398n=2740 RRR = 18% p=0.0039

2011 PCI Guidelines PCI with enoxaparin may be reasonable in pts either treated with “upstream” SQ enoxaparin for UA/NSTEMI or who have not received prior anti-thrombin therapy and are administered IV enoxaparin at the time of PCI (Level of Evidence: B) LMWH Class IIb:

Bivalirudin

Direct Thrombin Inhibitors  Predictable anticoagulant response  Inhibits soluble and fibrin- bound thrombin  Inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation  No HIT  Needs continuous infusion  No antidote  Short t 1/2 (20 min)  Cost DisadvantagesAdvantages

Direct Thrombin Inhibitors REPLACE – 2 ACUITY HORIZONS ACS Bivalirudin

Moderate- to high- risk ACS ACUITY Study Design: First Randomization Angiography within 72 h Aspirin in all; Clopidogrel dosing and timing per local practice UFH or enox + GP IIb/IIIa n=4603 Bivalirudin + GP IIb/IIIa n=4604 Bivalirudin alone n=4,612 R* Moderate- to high-risk patients with UA or NSTEMI undergoing an invasive strategy (N = 13,819) Medical management PCI CABG Stone GW, et al: Am Heart J 2004; 148:764–775 *Stratified by pre-angiography thienopyridine treatment

11.7%11.8%1.01 ( ) < Risk ratio ±95% CI Risk ratio ±95% CI Primary EP ACUITY: Primary End Point Measures* UFH/Enox + GPI vs Bivalirudin + GPI Net clinical outcome Ischemic composite Major bleeding Bivalirudin + GPI better GPI better Bivalirudin + GPI better GPI better UFH/Enox + GPI better GPI better UFH/Enox + GPI better GPI better Bival + GPI UFH/Enox + GPI RR (95% CI) p value (noninferior) (superior) 7.3%7.7%1.07 ( ) %5.3%0.93 ( ) < Upper boundary non-inferiority Stone GW, et al: Presented at: 55 th ACC Annual Meeting March 2006 *ITT population

ACUITY: Primary End Point Measures* BivalirudinbetterBivalirudinbetter UFH/Enox + GPI better UFH/Enox + GPI better Risk ratio ±95% CI Risk ratio ±95% CI Primary EP Bival alone UFH/Enox + GPI RR (95% CI) Net clinical outcome Ischemic composite Major bleeding Upper boundary non-inferiority 11.7%10.1%0.86 ( ) < %7.8%1.08 ( ) %3.0%0.53 ( ) <.001 p value (noninferior) (superior) UFH/Enox + GPI vs Bivalirudin alone Stone GW et al: Presented at: 55 th ACC Annual Meeting March 2006 *ITT population

Management Strategy (N=13,819) 56.4% 11.4% 32.2% Heparin + GPI N = 2,561 Bivalirudin +GPI N = 2,609 Bivalirudin alone N = 2,619 CABG (n=1,539) PCI (n=7,789) Medical Rx (n=4,491)

ACUITY-PCI Days from Randomization Estimate p (log rank) 13.5% Heparin* + GPI (N=2561) Bivalirudin + GPI (N=2609) % Bivalirudin alone (N=2619) % p=0.001 Stone GW: Presented at TCT; October 2006 % n=7789 (56%) Net Clinical Outcomes

ACUITY- PCI Composite Ischemia Days from Randomization Estimate p (log rank) 8.4% Heparin* +GPI (N=2561) Bivalirudin +GPI (N=2609) % Bivalirudin alone (N=2619) % p=0.36 Stone GW. Presented at TCT; October 2006 %

3,602 pts with STEMI with symptom onset ≤12 hours Primary PCI Strategy UFH + GPI (abciximab or eptifibatide) Bivalirudin (± provisional GP IIb/IIIa) Aspirin, thienopyridine R 1:1 3,000 pts eligible for stent randomization R 1:3 Bare metal stent TAXUS ® stent Clinical FU at 30 days, 1 yr, then yearly through 5 yrs HORIZONS AMI Trial Design Open-label, randomized, prospective, multicenter trial

RR = 0.99 P sup = 1.00 HORIZONS Outcomes (30 day events) RR = RR = 0.60 P sup ≤ RR = RR = 0.76 P sup =  endpoint ** MACE = Death, re-MI, TVR or stroke * Non-CABG Stone GW et al: NEJM 2008; 358: %

30 Day Mortality: Cardiac and Non Cardiac Number at risk Bivalirudin Heparin + GPIIb/IIIa Death (%) Time in Days 2.9% 1.8% Heparin + GPI (n=1802) Bivalirudin (n=1800) 0.3% 0.2% Cardiac Non-cardiac HR = 0.62 p=0.029

1-Year Net Adverse Clinical Events* *MACE or major bleeding (non CABG) 18.3% 15.7% HR = 0.84 [0.71, 0.98] p=0.03 Bivalirudin (n=1800) Heparin + GPI (n=1802)

1-Year Mortality: Cardiac and Non Cardiac Number at risk Bivalirudin alone Heparin+GPIIb/IIIa Bivalirudin (n=1800) Heparin + GPI (n=1802) Cardiac Non Cardiac Mortality (%) Time in Months % 2.1% 1.3% 1.1% p= % 1.8% Δ = 1.1% p=0.03 Δ = 1.7%

HORIZONS: 3-Year Mortality or Re-MI Landmark Analysis Heparin + GPI (n=1802) Bivalirudin (n=1800) 3-year HR (95% CI) 0.72 (0.58 – 0.91) p= day HR (95% CI) 0.84 (0.61 – 1.16) p= % 7.8% % 3.8% 4.5% Months Stone GW : Lancet 2011; Published online June 13. DOI: /S (11)

HORIZONS Acute Stent Thrombosis (ARC Def or Prob) 0.3% 1.5% HR (95%CI) = 5.93 [2.06,17.04] p = Number at risk Bivalirudin UFH+GPIIb/IIIa Time in Hours Bivalirudin UFH + GPI %

Acute Stent Thrombosis: Impact of Pre-Randomization Heparin Number at risk P-R Heparin No P-R Heparin Def/Prob Stent Thrombosis (%) Time in Hours Pre-Randomization Heparin No Pre-Randomization Heparin UFH+GPI P-R Heparin No P-R Heparin Bivalirudin 0.1% 0.8% HR = 9.64 p = % 2.6% HR = 3.07 p = P int antithrombin x pre-rand hep = 0.39

2011 ACC/AHA/SCAI PCI Guidelines Class I: For pts having PCI, bivalirudin is useful as an anticoagulant with or without prior treatment with UFH). (Level of Evidence: B) For pts with HIT, it is recommended that bivalirudin or argatroban be used to replace UFH. (Level of Evidence: B) Class I: For pts having PCI, bivalirudin is useful as an anticoagulant with or without prior treatment with UFH). (Level of Evidence: B) For pts with HIT, it is recommended that bivalirudin or argatroban be used to replace UFH. (Level of Evidence: B) Bivalirudin

Fondaparinux

Difficult to monitor (no aPTT or ACT) Long half-life Catheter thrombosis during PCI DisadvantagesAdvantages SC administration Once-daily Fixed dose Predictable response No antigenicity Simoons ML: J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43: Yusuf S: N Engl J Med 2066; 354:

Fondaparinux OASIS 6 STEMI Superior to placebo Similar to heparin Catheter thrombus with PCI OASIS 5 High risk ACS (vs enoxaparin) Similar efficacy; less bleeding Supplemental UFH for PCI OASIS 6 STEMI Superior to placebo Similar to heparin Catheter thrombus with PCI OASIS 5 High risk ACS (vs enoxaparin) Similar efficacy; less bleeding Supplemental UFH for PCI

OASIS-5: Results Death, MI, or Refractory Ischemia Major Bleeding Days HR: 1.01 (95% CI, ) Enoxaparin Fondaparinux Days HR: 0.52 (95% CI, ) p<0.001 Enoxaparin Fondaparinux Adapted from Yusuf S: et al: N Engl J Med 2006:354: EventFondaparinuxEnoxaparinp value Mortality (30 day)2.9%3.5%0.02 Mortality (6 mo)5.8%6.5% Day and 6 Month Results 1.5% thrombus on catheter (in fondaparixux group) if no UFH given % %

Anticoagulation during PCI BolusInfusionAdjust dose UFH IU/kg+ / -For GPI* UFH + GPI50-70 IU/kg+ / - Enoxaparin IU/kg-0.3 mg/kg IV if last SQ> 8 h Bivalirudin0.75 mg/kg1.75 mg/kg/h  Renal failure * Target ACT: > 300 sec for UFH; > 250 sec for UFH + GPI How Much? Consider bolus via central access (arterial sheath or GC) Check ACT at 10 – 20 min after bolus dose Consider bolus via central access (arterial sheath or GC) Check ACT at 10 – 20 min after bolus dose

Antithrombin Therapy for PCI Clinical Syndrome Elective (Stable) ACS (UA/NSTEMI) STEMI Anti-platelet Therapy Status on DAPT (preloaded, maintenance) On GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI) Clinical Syndrome Elective (Stable) ACS (UA/NSTEMI) STEMI Anti-platelet Therapy Status on DAPT (preloaded, maintenance) On GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI) How Long?

Antithrombin Therapy for PCI Elective (Stable): during PCI ACS (UA / NSTEMI): during PCI Continue pre-PCI agent or switch STEMI: during PCI Consider continue several hrs post PCI if: –No pre-procedural UFH –Delayed anti-platelet inhibition Elective (Stable): during PCI ACS (UA / NSTEMI): during PCI Continue pre-PCI agent or switch STEMI: during PCI Consider continue several hrs post PCI if: –No pre-procedural UFH –Delayed anti-platelet inhibition How Long?

Antithrombin Guidelines for PCI

2011 PCI Guidelines Anti-thrombin Therapy Levine G et al: JACC 2011

Anticoagulant Update for PCI Prior UFH: boluses as needed to support procedure, considering whether GPI given IIIaIIbIII C ACC/AHA/SCAI 2007 Focused Update for PCI ; JACC 2008 Pts who have already received an Antithrombin C B C Bivalirudin may be used in pts treated previously with UFH C For prior treatment with: Enoxaparin: IV 0.3 mg/kg if last SQ dose 8-12 earlier; no additional if last SQ <8 hr ago Fondaparinux: additional IV RX with anti-IIa agent, considering whether GPI given Fondaparinux should not be used as sole A/C for PCI due to risk of catheter thrombosis

Interventional Pharmacology UFH is effective for PCI, particularly when used with a GPI LMWH (enox) is safe and effective with PCI but is infrequently used in US Bivalirudin has superior outcomes (  NACE and bleeding) for ACS and STEMI pts Fondaparinux is effective for ACS but problematic and generally avoided with PCI UFH is effective for PCI, particularly when used with a GPI LMWH (enox) is safe and effective with PCI but is infrequently used in US Bivalirudin has superior outcomes (  NACE and bleeding) for ACS and STEMI pts Fondaparinux is effective for ACS but problematic and generally avoided with PCI Summary