Industrialization M. Siebert

Building the 1st Transcontinental Railroad Pacific Railway Act of 1862 – U.S. Government hired Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railway Company to extend railways across the United States. Pacific Railway Act of 1862 – U.S. Government hired Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railway Company to extend railways across the United States. Central Pacific – Started in Sacramento, CA Central Pacific – Started in Sacramento, CA Union Pacific – Started in Omaha, NE Union Pacific – Started in Omaha, NE The 2 railroad companies met in Promontory, Utah to drive the “Golden Spike” on May 10, 1869 The 2 railroad companies met in Promontory, Utah to drive the “Golden Spike” on May 10, 1869

Promontory, Utah May 10, 1869

The Workers Majority of workers were Chinese and Irish immigrants Majority of workers were Chinese and Irish immigrants The working conditions for all, was very poor and strenuous! The working conditions for all, was very poor and strenuous! The working conditions were tough because of the difficult terrain and weather conditions The working conditions were tough because of the difficult terrain and weather conditions

Who did the Railroad Impact? Native Americans (called it the Iron Horse) Native Americans (called it the Iron Horse) Helped Westward expansion Helped Westward expansion Made trade much easier Made trade much easier Hurt the farmers economically because of the higher costs for farmers Hurt the farmers economically because of the higher costs for farmers They made deals with wealthy businessmen (became corrupt) They made deals with wealthy businessmen (became corrupt) Became crucial to the U.S. economy Became crucial to the U.S. economy

Legislation Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 – put in place for Govt to supervise railroad activities Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 – put in place for Govt to supervise railroad activities Led to more financial problems (railroads were forced out of business, which led to the Panic of 1893) Led to more financial problems (railroads were forced out of business, which led to the Panic of 1893) This caused the Large Firms to start buying up the railways, which paved the way for Big Businesses This caused the Large Firms to start buying up the railways, which paved the way for Big Businesses

Industrialization Factors Unskilled and semi-skilled labor in abundance Unskilled and semi-skilled labor in abundance New, talented entrepreneurs New, talented entrepreneurs Oil Oil Inventions Inventions New technology that allows mass production New technology that allows mass production Bessemer Process Bessemer Process Railroads Railroads Changes in business strategy Changes in business strategy Vertical Integration & Horizontal Consolidation Vertical Integration & Horizontal Consolidation Social Darwinism Social Darwinism

The Reorganization of Work Frederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) Frederick W. Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

The Reorganization of Work The Assembly Line

Vertical and Horizontal Integration

Standard Oil Co.

Regulating the Trusts 1877  Munn. v. IL 1886  Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. IL 1890  Sherman Antitrust Act   in “restraint of trade”   “rule of reason” loophole 1895  US v. E. C. Knight Co  Munn. v. IL 1886  Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. IL 1890  Sherman Antitrust Act   in “restraint of trade”   “rule of reason” loophole 1895  US v. E. C. Knight Co.

The Gospel of Wealth: Religion in the Era of Industrialization Russell H. Conwell $ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad. $ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval. $ Christian duty to accumulate wealth. $ Should not help the poor. $ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad. $ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval. $ Christian duty to accumulate wealth. $ Should not help the poor.

“On Wealth” Andrew Carnegie $ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior. $ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901). $ Inequality is inevitable and good. $ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.” $ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior. $ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901). $ Inequality is inevitable and good. $ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”

Cornelius [“Commodore”] Vanderbilt Can’t I do what I want with my money?

William Vanderbilt $ The public be damned! $ What do I care about the law? H’aint I got the power? $ The public be damned! $ What do I care about the law? H’aint I got the power?

New Financial Businessman The Broker:  J. Pierpont Morgan The Broker:  J. Pierpont Morgan

New Business Culture: “The American Dream?” Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic”  Horatio Alger [100+ novels] Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic”  Horatio Alger [100+ novels] Is the idea of the “self-made man” a MYTH??

The Protectors of Our Industries

The Changing American Labor Force

Child Labor

Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor  “scabs”  Pinkertons  lockout  blacklisting  yellow-dog contracts  Collective Bargaining  informational picketing  organized strikes

A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all!

Goals of the Knights of Labor ù Eight-hour workday. ù Workers’ cooperatives. ù Worker-owned factories. ù Abolition of child and prison labor. ù Increased circulation of greenbacks. ù Equal pay for men and women. ù Safety codes in the workplace. ù Prohibition of contract foreign labor. ù Abolition of the National Bank.

Labor Unrest:

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Haymarket Riot (1886) McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

Haymarket Martyrs

The American Federation of Labor: 1886 Samuel Gompers

How the AF of L Would Help the Workers ù Catered to the skilled worker. ù Represented workers in matters of national legislation. ù Maintained a national strike fund. ù Evangelized the cause of unionism. ù Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. ù Mediated disputes between management and labor. ù Pushed for closed shops.

Homestead Steel Strike (1892) The Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers Homestead Steel Works

A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL A “Company Town”: Pullman, IL

Pullman Cars A Pullman porter

The Pullman Strike of 1894

Government by injunction!

The Socialists Eugene V. Debs

International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)

“Big Bill” Haywood of the IWW  Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.

I W W

Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”  Mary Harris.  Organizer for the United Mine Workers.  Founded the Social Democratic Party in  One of the founding members of the I. W. W. in 1905.

The “Formula” unions + violence + strikes + socialists + immigrants = anarchists

Labor Union Membership

The Rise & Decline of Organized Labor

Discussion Questions What were the cost and benefits of the industrial transformation of the Post- Civil War era? What were the cost and benefits of the industrial transformation of the Post- Civil War era? Was the growing class division of the time a threat to American democracy? Why or why not? Was the growing class division of the time a threat to American democracy? Why or why not?