© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College C H A P T E R 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy = Physiology =

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy—Levels of Study Gross anatomy =

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy—Levels of Study Microscopic anatomy =

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4c Pyloric sphincter Gastric pits Surface epithelium Mucous neck cells Parietal cells Gastric glands Chief cells Gastric pit Gastric gland (c)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4d PepsinogenPepsin HCl Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine cell (d)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1 Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle cell Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Molecules 2 Atoms 1 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. 3 Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) 4 5 Cardio– vascular system 6 Blood vessels Heart Levels of Organization

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 1 Smallest Level

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 2

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 3

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 4

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 5

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 6

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2a Organ System Overview Know parts and overall function for all INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2b SKELETAL SYSTEM

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2c MUSCULAR SYSTEM

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. NERVOUS SYSTEM Figure 1.2d

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Figure 1.2e

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2f CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns __________ Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Figure 1.2h

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Figure 1.2i

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. URINARY SYSTEM Figure 1.2j

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Figure 1.2k–l

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Necessary Life Functions Know importance/function and Organ Systems Maintain boundaries Entire Organism Cells Movement Locomotion Movement of substances

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Necessary Life Functions … Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism = Break down _____________________ Build larger _____________________ Produces energy Regulated by hormones

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Necessary Life Functions … Excretion Eliminates ________________________ urine Reproduction Growth

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Survival Needs Nutrients Types: General Function Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Survival Needs Water Percent of body weight = ____________ Abundance: ______________________ Chemical reations Stable body temperature 37°C (98°F) Atmospheric pressure for gas exchange

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Nutrients Heart Interstitial fluid Blood Food Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Urinary system Eliminates nitrogen- containing wastes and excess ions FecesUrine Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid O2O2 CO 2 Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment CO 2 O2O2 Figure 1.3

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Homeostasis Homeostasis—maintenance of a _________________________________ Stable = A dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostatic imbalance =

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 

Maintaining Homeostasis Body Systems: Nervous System control Stimuli: ____________________ Receptor = _______________ Control Center: ___________________ Continued next slide 

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Maintaining Homeostasis … Control center … set point = Analysis Determines __________ Effector = Function: Response =

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.  FOR HOUSE EXAMPLE Stimulus Receptor Control Center Effector Response

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Afferent Pathway Efferent Pathway

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 1 IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 IMBALANCE

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 2 Receptor Receptor detects change. IMBALANCE Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 IMBALANCE 2 VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 3 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor Control Center Receptor detects change. Afferent pathway IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. 1 3 IMBALANCE 2

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 4 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor Control Center Effector Receptor detects change. Afferent pathway Efferent pathway IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector IMBALANCE 2

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 5 Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Receptor Control Center Effector Receptor detects change. Afferent pathway Efferent pathway IMBALANCE VARIABLE (in homeostasis) Stimulus produces change in variable. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level IMBALANCE 2

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback = Response __________ How often: Examples:

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback = Response ___________ original stimulus does what? __________ How often: ___________________ Examples ______________ ______________

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Language of Anatomy Exact terms are used for Position Direction Regions Structures

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Regional Terms Text Pages Anterior body landmarks

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cervical Umbilical Pubic (genital) Pelvic Inguinal (groin) (a) Anterior/Ventral KEY: Deltoid Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Patellar Fibular Pedal (foot) Digital Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial Carpal (wrist) Manus (hand) Crural (leg) Tarsal (ankle) Femoral (thigh) Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Buccal Oral Mental Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) Thoracic Sternal Axillary Abdominal (forearm) Figure 1.5a

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Regional Terms Posterior body landmarks

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5b (b) Posterior/Dorsal Gluteal Sacral Lumbar Vertebral Back (dorsal) Scapular Cervical Cephalic Occipital (back of head) Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial Manus (hand) Digital Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar Upper limb KEY: Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) (forearm)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Directional Terms Superior (cranial or cephalad): Inferior (caudal):

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Directional Terms Ventral (anterior): Dorsal (posterior):

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Directional Terms Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Directional Terms Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Directional Terms Superficial: toward or at the body surface Deep: away from the body surface; more internal

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Sagittal Section: Median, Midsagittal:

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal or Coronal Section:

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Transverse or Cross Section

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Median (midsagittal) Vertebral column (b) Frontal (coronal) plane Right lung Heart Left lung (c) Transverse plane LiverAortaSpleen Spinal cord RectumIntestinesLiverStomachSpleen Subcutaneous fat layer Stomach Figure 1.6 Examples of sections/planes through the body

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity: Spinal cavity: Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity: Abdominopelvic cavity: DORSAL CAVITY VENTRAL CAVITY

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity KEY: Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity Figure 1.7 Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Pelvic

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Thoracic Cavity Pleural Cavity Pericardial Cavity Mediastinum

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Figure 1.8

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. OTHER BODY CAVITIES– Students do

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b Right hypo- chondriac region Epigastric region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Right iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Left lumbar region Left hypo- chondriac region (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Appendix Diaphragm Stomach Transverse colon of large intestine Descending colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder Abdominopelvic Cavity– divided up into sections, Text page 21

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Abdominopelvic Cavity– divided up into sections, Text page 21 Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric Right Hypochondriac Left Hypochondriac Right Lumbar Left Lumbar Right Iliac (Right Inguinal) Left Iliac (Left Inguinal)