Early Trading Systems Minoans, Phoenicians, major Mediterranean trading civilizations Traded on land and water Traded wine, weapons, metals, ivory and slaves, dye

Importance of Writing Cave paintings Earliest form of writing Primarily based on religion Recorded events of daily life

Importance of Writing Hieroglyphics Egypt Symbols stand for words or sounds Rosetta Stone

Importance of Writing Cuneiform Syrians and Babylonians “wedge”- shaped tool used on soft clay Few artifacts have survived

Importance of Writing Phoenician alphabet Symbols represent sounds Easier to learn- increased literacy Adopted by the Greeks Later the Arabic (our alphabet)

Religions: Polytheism & Monotheism Poly- many Mono- one Zoroastrians- first group to practice monotheism

Hebrews: Terms to know Monotheism- belief in one God Canaan- location of Hebrew settlement between the Jordan River and Med. Sea first settled in 1800 B.C. Torah- 1 st 5 books of the Hebrew Bible Abraham- “father” of Hebrew people- wandered between Canaan and Egypt

Zoroaster- Persian philosopher ? = Why should so much pain and suffering exist in the world? Zoroastrianism- monotheistic religion Earth is a battle ground between good and evil People take place in the struggle Their god will judge people at the end of time Ideas of Satan and angels are found in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Some in Iran and India still follow this faith

Changes on the Indian Subcontinent Aryan Invasion, Religion, and the Golden Age

Changes on the Indian Subcontinent Define the following Terms Subcontinent pg. 44 Harappan civilization pg. 46

Indus Valley Maps This is it! Ganges River Indus River Fertile River Valley

Geography Culture/ Language Religion Political System Ending of Civilization Harappan Indus River Civilization How were the planned sites of the Indus Valley different from other early cities? What reasons are suggested for the disappearance of the Indus Valley civilization?

INDUS RIVER CIVILIZATIONS On the Indian subcontinent Natural barriers for protection Largest Mountains (Himalayan Mountains ) to the north Large desert to the east River Valleys Ganges river flows into the Bay of Bengal and the Indus river flows into the Arabian Sea Carry water for irrigation and silt for fertilization

What we Know about the Early Indian Civilization (Indus River Valley) Sometimes called Harappan civilizations Very advanced cities (grid plans (pg. 46), raised land, plumbing system (pg. 47), built levees) Language= over 400 symbols- hard to decipher Trade and religion are believed to have been important Strong central government Probably ended due to drought or damaged soil and Aryan invasions

Indo- Europeans migrate to India Who were the Indo-Europeans? Nomads from between the Black and Caspian seas that settled in the Indus valley Tamed Horses, used Chariots, animal herders Became known as the Aryans Divided into different language groups English, Sanskrit, Persian, Spanish, German Migrated all over Europe and Asia Why might they have migrated???

The Aryans shaped modern day India Hinduism Religion of the Aryans Vedas- volumes of sacred literature of the Aryan people included prayers, hymns, spells and ritual instructions Most important of the Vedas collection is the Rig Veda Pastoral people- counted their wealth in cows

Aryans: The Caste System Social structure based on caste system pg. 64 Very strict- no upward movement Three original social classes Brahmins- priests Warriors Peasants and traders Interaction with others led to a forth social class Shudras- laborers who did work the Aryans did not want to do (non Aryans) Polytheistic

Closing What important contributions did the Aryans make to the culture and way of life in India in terms of Religion Roles in society

Warm up (Review): Write and Answer the following questions Which ancient civilization does our alphabet writing system derive from? The first Indus River civilization was the ? What was the name of the Indo-Europeans that migrated to the Indus river valley? What is India’s Cast system

Hinduism What ideas do you have about the religion of Hinduism What information have you seen or read about the religion or about the people who are Hindu Terms Hinduism- religion started in India focused on reincarnation and Karma, and the achievement of Moksha. Reincarnation- soul or spirit reborn until moksha is achieved Karma- good or bad deeds Moksha- Hindu belief in release from this world

Terms to know about Buddhism Buddha- Enlightened one Enlightenment- wisdom Nirvana- release of selfishness and pain (like Moksha for Hinduism) Four Noble Truths (understanding of enlightment) Suffering and sorrow Selfish desires cause the suffering End desires will end suffering Follow the eight fold path

Hinduism, Buddhism and other religions develop Complete the chart for Hinduism and Buddhism focusing on Origin Key beliefs Societal beliefs Leader or founder (may not be available) “view” of death or “after-life” Use the text-book to complete the chart

Warm up: Examine the list of words and determine which one does not belong. Explain why that word does not belong. Ganges Indus Vedas monotheistic

The Early Empires of India Complete chart Gupta Empire to that occupied by the Maryann Empire. Discuss size, location, physical characteristics, accomplishments/advancements