 Essential Question:  Identify significant individuals and events concerning Texas in the Civil War  Main Idea:  Defending Texas and its trade routes to international ports was vital for the Confederate economy during the war.

Union & Confederacy in 1861

 From 1861 to 1865, more than 500,000 Americans were killed in the Civil War. More men died in this war than all other wars we have fought combined.

 The 3 Strategies to Union victory o Invade Virginia and capture Richmond, the Southern Confederate capital o Gain control of the Mississippi River o Blockade all southern ports

 Large population – 22 million people  Huge factories  75% of railroads  (Bigger) Navy ships

 Fighting a defensive war  Superior military leaders  Better soldier skills  Highly motivated

 On paper, who do you think should win the war? The North or the South? Why?  Do you think the South should have invaded the North? Why or why not? 5 th Texas Infantry Regiment, Co. K

 The Confederate Congress passed the Conscription Act that required men b/w the ages of 18 and 35 to serve in the Confederate military. However, the act excused some people allowing the hiring of substitutes. Young “Johnny Reb” ready for war

 Texas governors  Frances Lubbock ( )  Pendleton Murrah ( )  WRITE THIS DOWN TOO! James W. Throckmorton ( )  originally voted against secession but couldn’t fight against Texas Pendleton Murrah Frances Lubbock

 Nearly 60,000 Texans joined the Confederate Army  Most famous Texan in Civil War  Texan Albert Sidney Johnston was the second- highest ranking Confederate General that fought and died at the Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee—huge blow to the Confederacy

 Hood’s Texas Brigade – Gen. Robert E. Lee called them his “finest soldiers”; led by John Bell Hood  Terry’s Texas Rangers – fought in more battles than any other cavalry regiment (200); led by Benjamin F. Terry  Ross’s Texas Brigade – fought primarily in the western Trans-Mississippi River department; led by future governor and Texas A&M President Lawrence Sullivan Ross Lawrence Sullivan Ross

 About 2,000 Texas Unionists  Approximately 50 were African American soldiers  African American Texan Milton Holland was rewarded the Medal of Honor for his bravery on the battlefield.

 Some Texas Unionists hid, but were later captured and arrested. Others were forced into the Confederate Army.  Mexican-Americans served on both sides of the war.  Most joined the Union because of pay and their stance against slavery  Vigilantes, or citizens who act as an unauthorized police force, hanged about 40 Unionists in Gainesville, TX in 1862.

o Because Texas was an important link in the Confederate supply line, the Union navy used its ships to blockade, or using troops or warships to prevent passage of supplies to the coast of Texas. Cotton was transported through Mexico and sent to Europe in exchange for war supplies. o Although Union forces captured the city of Galveston, Confederate forces led by General John B. Magruder recaptured the city on January 1, o Galveston was crucial because it was the state’s busiest seaport. Union gunboat docked at Galveston port

Texas-Mexico Trade Routes Texas was economically important to the Confederacy because the Confederacy was able to conduct foreign trade through Mexico by way of Texas.

The CSA Davis Guards led by Richard Dowling turned back the Union invasion of Texas at Sabine Pass in Sept when they took 350 Union soldiers prisoner and captured 2 ships. Very important victory for the Confederacy since Union plans to launch a major campaign against Texas were dashed. "There is no parallel in ancient or modern warfare to the victory of Dowling and his men at Sabine Pass considering the great odds against which they had to contend" President Jefferson Davis The Battle of Sabine Pass Sept. 8, 1863

 November 1863: Union forces capture Brownsville, TX  This hurts the CSA because cotton and weapons move through the port for the CSA  CSA Colonel John S. Ford drove the Union Army back and recaptured Brownsville in July 1864.

 Thomas Green, a former member of the congress of the Republic and a veteran of the Battle of San Jacinto and Mexican-American War, also led Confederate forces during the Red River campaign.

 At Appomattox Courthouse, Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to U.S. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant on April 9,  HOWEVER, on May 13, 1865: Confederate forces led by John S. Ford defeat Union troops in Texas at Palmito Ranch – the final land battle of the war. The Confederates did NOT know Lee had surrendered a month earlier! They were informed by Union prisoners of the news!

 The North’s victory in the Civil War meant the Union was preserved.  On April 14 (five days after Appomattox), an actor and southern sympathizer named John Wilkes Booth assassinated President Lincoln in Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. As a result of this tragic event, the whole nation grieved together.

Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

The Assassination

Lincoln’s Deathbed

The Execution of the Conspirators

 As a result of the South’s surrender, the Texas state government collapsed due to lack of leadership.  Governor Pendleton Murrah fled to Mexico in June 1865 to escape Union troops. This action resulted in Texas being lawless for a brief period of time.